Memory Lecture Flashcards
what is attention
it can be limited
it can be selective (can control)
- the first step in remembering something
t/f there is no such thing as multitasking
cant do 2 things that need conscious thinking at the same time
how do we get attention to retention
bandura’s social learning theory of imitating from parents
- seeing parent on the phone and now the child is pretending to be on the phone
what is the encoding phase
information is acquired and processed into a neural code that the brain can use
what is the storage phase
the retention of encoded information - whether it is for a moment or a lifetime
- storage for 1 min or for a long time
what is the retrieval phase
recalling or remembering the stored information when we need it
what us the multistore model of memory
sensory input –> sensory memory (forgetting) –> short term memory- forgetting or rehearsal to go to –> long term
what is sensory memory
memory for sensory info that only lasts for an extremely brief time
we are not consciously aware of this
what is immediate memory
a type of short term memory
- without active rehearsal you forget
- remembering what the prof said so you can write it down
what is maintenance rehearsal
memory that will remain for only a few seconds unless you actively think about it
- remembering a phone number
how do you put information into long term memory
requires elaborate rehearsal
what does chunking do
organizing information into meaningful units to make it easier to remember
KCF CEO UBC PHD
why did the working memory model come out
combines multiple types of information at once instead of just sensory
- more categories to categorize which focus system the information goes into (SHORT TERM MEMORY)
- visuospatial sketch pad
- episodic buffer
- phonological loop
what does the phonological loop mean
auditory and verbal information
what is the visuospatial sketchpad
visual information like navigation
what is the episodic buffer
integrates information, links the information to long term memory
what is the central executive
the control center of the working memory model
- directs attention to relevant information
explain the transfer to long term memory (elaborative rehearsal)
the levels of processing theory
- where the types of processing matters
- sematic way is easier to remember than visual
what is the difference between implicit and explicit memories
implicit - memories we acquire and use without awareness or intention
- classical conditioning
- priming
- procedural memory
explicit = information we are consciously aware of - trying to remember specific information
- semantic memory
- episodic memory
what is semantic memory (explicit)
memory for knowledge about the world
- capital of france
- facts
what is episodic memory (explicit)
memory of your personal past experiences
- includes information about the time and place where it occured
- EX: went to a wedding in dubai
what is the autobiographical memory
semantic and episodic knowlegde of the self
- EX: your bday
what is classical conditioning (implicit)
automatic conditioned response to a stimulus
- knowing that scary music is associated with monsters
what is priming (implict)
identifying or processes a stimulus that has been experienced before
EX: filling in the blank
____ory
what is procedural memory (implict)
motor skills and habits of behaviors we remember to do without thinking
EX: driving
what regions are memories stored into the brain
medial temporal lobe + hippocampus
- critical for episodic and spatial memory
- encoding
- consolidation
- retrieval
when this part of the brain is removed the person could no longer form any long term memory
- patient h.m was tracing but thru a mirror and with no hippocampus he still got better with practise - this showed that this procedural memory is stored somewhere else
- the hippocampus has ability to form cognitive maps and have spatial memory
whats some ways we can retrieve memory
retrieval cue: anything that helps to recall information from memory = encoding specificity principle
context dependent memory: memory enhancement that occurs when the recall situation is similar the encoding situation
- scent, background music, physical location
state dependent memory: memory enhancement that occurs when one’s internal state during the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
- mood
memories are ___
mental representations
stores in neurons in the brain
organized by meaning and function
what is a schema
a set of expectations about objects and situations
- hypothetical cognitive structures that help us perceive, organize, process and use info
- they can lead to biases
during a car crash, everyone watches but theres individual differences - using words like “hit” or “smashed” changes the witnesses estimate of the speeds of the cars
what explains why memory fails
- absentmindedness
- decay
- interference
what is absentmindedness
shallow encoding
- were distracted when information was given
what does decay mean
transience = “loosing information over time when it is not used
decay refers to the neural connections that store the information weaken overtime
how can interference cause memory failures and what are the 2 types
interference is memory clash
- proactive interference: when old information inhibits the ability to remember new information
- trying to learn new phone number after remembering the old one for so long - retroactive interference: when new infor inhibits the ability to remember old information
- struggling to remember how the old song went after listening to the new version of it
whats the best way to improve memory
spaced practice
retrieval practise
elaboration
concrete examples
dual coding
what strategies dont work for studying/memory
cramming
highlighting
re-reading
