Chapter 1 Flashcards

Question

what is Gestalt psychology

Answer 1

an approach that saw experience as being different from the sum of its elements - the group of founders rejected the structuralist approach - believed that breaking a whole perception into its components = loss of important psychological info A |3 C 12 |3 14 people read the first line as a B and the 2nd as a 13 - Gestalt psychologists would have no problem explaining this because the think of perception as a whole

Answer 2

a new type of psychology that was a response to Charles Darwin's "The Origin of Species" - viewed behaviour as purposeful because it led to survival (interested in why behaviour and mental processes worked in a particular way) - the value of an activity depended on its consequences EX: if we enjoy ice cream, it must be because there is nutrients in ice cream to enhance our survival - it was no longer a distinct school or psychology but became mainstream psychology bc of its success

Answer 3

describes the flow of ideas that people experience while awake

Answer 4

structuralists want to describe the conscious experience functionalists want to explain why we had such experiences

Answer 5

arguing a reconciliation between the 2 approaches to psychology - saying that they are concerned with understanding consciousness and should not be viewed as incompatible with each other - should be used together

Answer 6

aiding the Canadian war effort during WW2 - developing tests that would help the recruitment of soldiers - currently, they focus on improving the wellness and health for all Canadians and promoting excellence in psychological wellness

Answer 7

emma sophia baker

Answer 8

supernatural approach - disorders = actions of the evil spirits two scientific approaches come from this = medical and psychological model medical = medication psychological = abornal behaviour = life experiences currently, we try to use both models - depression = medication plus therapy to change the way a person thinks

Answer 9

he linked his medical training to his belief about the impact of life experiences on behaviour - his idea of these disorders dominated the thinking - he founded the exploration of the personality = psychoanalysis - his theories are based on his patients who were upper-class Vienessese housewives

Answer 10

an approach that saw people as inherently good and motivated to learn and improve - Abraham Maslow + Carl Rogers - this approach came because people were angry that they were not getting the same result for everyone (lots of variability) - focused on what is good about people rather than Freud's focus on what is wrong with people = positive psychology

Answer 11

PSYCHOANALYSIS - driven by unconscious conflicts - Unconscious drives (sexual, aggressive) - Unscientific, overly focused on childhood HUMANISTIC - Unscientific, overly focused on childhood - client therapy - self-actualization - lacks scientific evidence

Answer 12

an approach to therapy - Carl Roger - influence communication, group process, parenting, politics (calling the people clients instead of patients)

Answer 13

an approach that features the study and careful measurement of observable behaviours - usually studied animals - used Darwin's evidence Ivan Petrovich Pavlov = Dogs salivation response to the arrival of someone who is handling them - they learned the association to anticipate important future events with the advantage of survival

Answer 14

type of learning where an organism learns to associate two stimuli, resulting in a newly learned response - fruit flies, snails, slugs, humans - our emotional responses associated with environmental cues are the result of this learning (ex - anxiety before exams)

Answer 15

he discovered that blindfolded clients could not tell the difference between 2 companies of cigarettes - you need to make the image appealing so it be recognized - now everyone makes appealing products - changed marketing and advertising - he was a strong believer in the blank-slate approach (empiricist philosopher) - used psychology with observable behaviour

Answer 16

Edward Thorndike suggests that behaviours followed by pleasant or helpful outcomes would be more likely to occur in the future - behaviours followed by unpleasant or harmful outcomes would be less likely to occur - tested this using cats and a puzzle box - the cat repeated effective behaviours and abandoned ineffective ones

Answer 17

inner, private states such as thinking and feeling existed but he viewed them as behaviours that followed the same rules as public behaviours like driving a car

Answer 18

behaviourists often refer to a “black box” model, in which stimuli enter and responses exit, but you don’t need to know much about what the box is doing to the data - led to the development of the biological psychology perspective

Answer 19

it is the internal mental processes that the behavioralists avoided to study it is the thinking, problem-solving and reasoning by Ulric Neisser

Answer 20

information processing, thinking, reasoning, problem-solving - they use computer technology + mathematical models they have developed methods of quantifying internal cognitive processes aided in part by the advancements in technology

Answer 21

the surgical treatment of epilepsy detailed functional maps of the human brain enabled hm to map the sensory and motor cortices and simulate the brain in different areas while the patient is awake

Answer 22

Hebb wanted to study the psychological effects of Penfield's surgical treatments - he published a book about memory and the brain

Answer 23

in his book he called it the rule because he found out that "neurons that fire together, wire together"

Answer 24

brenda milner one of Hebb's students

Answer 25

as science became more popular psychologists used different theories like biological, developmental, cognitive, social, or behavioural psychology's

Answer 26

also called behavioural neuroscience focuses on the relationships between the mind and behaviour and their underlying biological processes like genetics, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology - they do this by observing changes in communication between nerve cells in slugs, investigating the effect of stress hormones to form memories

Answer 27

a perspective that investigates how physical structure and behaviour have been shaped by their contributions to survival and reproduction - it is the extension of James's functionalism our current behaviour exists because it provides us with some advantage to survival and reproduction

Answer 28

a psychological perspective that investigates information processing, thinking, reasoning and problem-solving

Answer 29

perspective that examines the normal changes in behaviour that occur across the lifespan - how does memory differ at different ages

Answer 30

social = perspective that examines the effects of the social environment on the behaviour of a person personality psych = an individual's characteristic way of thinking, feeling and behaving they both describe the effects of social environments + cultural diversity

Answer 31

a perspective that seeks to explain, define, and treat abnormal behaviours traumatic experiences are harder to remember called repression

Answer 32

before they zoomed in and formed many different types of perspectives now they are zooming out and integrating multiple types of perspectives

Answer 33

The holistic framework is where the whole person (physical, emotional, spiritual, and intellectual) is seen as being interconnected to land and in relationship to others (family, communities, nations).

Answer 34

yes example: understand the relationship between child maltreatment and antisocial behaviour clinical psych would focus on environmental factors like personal factors, peers, etc biological psych = certain candidate genes and their relationships with aggressive behaviours but using them together helped them realize that it is a gene where an environmental interaction takes place, kids that have a lazy MAOA gene respond to maltreatment and become antisocial