Chapter 9 Flashcards
what is memory
it is defined as the ability to retain knowledge
what does it mean by information processing
the flow of information through the nervous system involving perceptual systems, memory systems, and decision making and response systems
what are the three steps that memory can be divided by
encoding, storage, retrieval
explain encoding part of memory
the process of acquiring information and transferring it into memory
the encoded information then needs to be retained or stores
explain the storage part of memory
storage of memories in the brain can last anywhere from fractions of a second (sensory memory) to several seconds (short term and working memory) to indefinitely long term memory
explain the retrieval part of memory
the recovery of stored information
1. interference
2. stress
what is the atkinson-shiffrin multistore model of memory
classical model of memory showing information flowing in a series of stages
sensory input –> sensory memory –> short term memory (requires repeition) –> long term memory
what is sensory memory
the incoming information is processed in a first stage of the information processing model
this stage holds alot of sensory data - the data stays for 1 sec
what types of representations does sensory input get translated into
visual codes or iconic memories - these are used for temporary storage of visual images
haptic codes - used to process touch and other body senses
acoustic codes (echoic memories) - represent sounds and words - this lasts longer than visual codes or iconic memories
we have sensory memory because only a small subset of this incoming data is processed by the next stage
what is short term memory (STM) in the model
a tiny amount of info from the sensory memory moves to the next stage of the information processing model
no sensory information is processed to STM unless you pay attention to them
t/f after rehearsal the information stays in short term memory
true
can hold less than 9 pieces of information
what does it mean by chunking data
the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together
what is working memory as an adaption to the memory model
an extension of the concept of short-term memory that includes the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously
working memory involves the passive storage of information - involves active manipulation of information - more complex, allowing us to manage multiple processes that occur simultaneously
what are the 4 types of information that can be maintained in short-term memory
phonological loop
visuspatial sketch pad
central executive
episodic buffer
explain the long term memory part of the model
long-term memory has few limitation in capacity or duration
t/f we do run out of room in long term memory for new data
false
we do not
what are the two types of rehearsal
maintenance rehearsal - simple repition of material
elaborative rehearsal - linking the new material to things you already know
- more effective
explain the levels of processing theory
the depth of processing applied to info that predicts its ease of retrieval
when we look at a written word we want to remember we look at the font, size, sound, meaning, relevance
when given a list of words to remember what does it mean when people only remember the first positions and last positions
first items on the list = primary effect - stores in long term memory
last items on the list = recency effect - these items remain in working memory at the time of recall - disappears if recall is delayed by 30 seconds
what are the different types of long-term memory
declarative memory (explicit) - easy to discuss verbally
nondeclarative memories (implicit) - difficult to discuss - hard to explain why we get nervous right before an exam
- impacts our behaviour in indirect ways
what are the 2 types of declarative memories
semantic memory
- contains your store of general knowlegde in the form of word meanings and facts - Which team won last year championship?
- categorized
Episodic memory
- personal account of past experiences
- organized in a timeline
- they can overlap - they interact during the encoding and retrieval
what are autobiographical memories
sematic or episodic memories that reference the self
self-knowledge
what are the three types of nondeclarative memories
- classical conditioning
- procedural memories
- priming
what are procedural memories
also called skill memories
they contain info about how to carry out a skilled movement such as riding a bicycle
- how to carry out motor skills that are hard to describe in words
- procedures after learning become automatic