Chapter 13 Flashcards
t/f first impressions are made rapidly
true
Under a minute
can be influenced by culture
we tend to stick with that assessment for a long time
what are attributions
a judgement about the cause of a persons behaviour
what are dispositional attributions
internal factors
a judgement assigning the cause of a persons behaviour to personal qualities or characteristics
what are situational attributions
external factors
a judgment assigning the cuase of a persons behaviour to the environment
ex, why a friend failed a test, is she nervous, did she go thru a break up, etc
what is correspondence bias
the tendency to view behaviour as the result of disposition even when the behaviour can be explained by the situation in which it occurs
“you did it bc thats the type of person you are”
- lack of awareness of the power of the situation and unrealistic beliefs
what is fundamental attribution error
people do not underestimate situational variables as proposed by correspondence bias
instead they completely fail to consider situational variables while making attributions
what is actor observer bias
occurs when we use situational variables to explain our own behaviour while continuing to use dispositional variables to explain the behaviour of others
- if 2 friends failed a test, it was bc i was sick, but it was because the friend is not hard working
what is self serving bias
attributing success to dispositional factors while attributing failure to situational factors
we view our success different from our failures
- if you get an A you will congratulate urself but if you fail a course its usually blamed on a situational factor like professor is unfair
what is group serving bias
if a sports team wins, most members attribute the victory to the team disposition, such as talent, good prep
if the team loses, the members are unlikely to blame the loss on the team dispositional factors
what is the just-world belief
people assume that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
when you see something bad happen to a good person, the person must have done something to deserve the bad outcome and that you can avoid it by behaving differently
what are individualism and collectivistic cultures
individualism = canada and us - stress individual achievement and compeition
collectivism = asian nations, traditionally valued cooperation as a means of attaining family and work group goals
- more emphasis on situation than on disposition
- unpleasant experience, isnt blamed on organization but factors that they cannot control
what is prejudice
to prejudge
is an generally negative attitude about others
supported by cognitions known as stereotypes
what is discrimination
actions and behaviors towards prejudice
what are the sources of prejudice and stereotyping
when our categories that we assign things are oversimplified
- can result from direct experience
what are the outcomes of prejudice
structural racism - residential schools
trauma
viewing yourself differently
how can we reduce prejudice
increasing contact with other groups
- different socioeconomic groups
cooperative learning, teams
expand the definition of the in-group
what are social norms
groups typically have rules for behaviour
powerful and pervasive
- compliance and obedience lead us to fulfill a request from another person
what is compliance
the person making the request of you has no power over you, you are doing a favour
what is obedience
thr request is coming from a person with higher authroity than u
what is conformity
matching behaviour and apperance to perceived social norms
- matching lines, study, depending on how many people before them stated the wrong answer, it influences your answer even tho yk its wrong - you just agree with everyone else and assume you got it wrong
why do people conform
useful in ambiguous situations
uncertain about what to do, what to wear, what to order
also reduces the risk of rejection by a social group
what factors influence compliance
similarity (shared bday), physical attraction
we are more likely to comply with physically attractive people
what is the door in the face scenario
large unreasonable demand is followed by a smaller request which is the one that the requester expects to work
when they want u to donate a large amount of money but then say give what you can afford
what is the foot in the door technique
a small request is followed by a larger request
effective in gaining compliance
what is the low balling strategy
making further requests of a person who has already committed to a course of action
explain the stanely milgram obedience study
wanted to have a learner (secretly apart of the experiement) and a teacher (unknown of the experiment)
whenever the learner got the answer wrong, they would get shocked with increasing voltage - sitting in the same room as a scientist who told them to continue shocking while hearing the other person scream out of pain
proximity of the teacher and the scientist influenced their obedience - also the proximity of the teacher and the learner - in some cases the teacher had to move the learners hand on the button to get shocked and the physical touch altered the results
65% comply regardless of male or female
what are some ethics in the milgram experiment
informed consent and the use of deception
voluntariness - some people were not allowed to leave the experimnt - those in the standford jail
what is social acilitation
occurs when the presence of other people changes individual performance
people still learning a new skill will fail infront of an audeicne
what is social loafing
reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group as opposed to working alone
women are less likely to demonstrate social loafing than men
what is deindividuation
refers to the immersion of the individual within a group which makes the individual relatively anonymous
