Chapter 12 Flashcards
what is personality
our characteristic way of thinking, feeling, behaving - depends on how unique we are
what does psychodynamic mean
the theory put forward by sigmund freud in which psychic energy moves among the compartments of the personality - ego, superego
what is psychoanalysis
sigmund freuds treatment approach based on his psychodynamic theory
what does “id” mean, as proposed by Freud
contains the primitive drive that serves as a source of energy for the personality such as hunger, thirst, sex
operates as a pleasure principle seeking immediate gratification and relief
what does ego mean, as proposed by freud
component of personality that is readily seen by others so it acts as the persons self
what does superego mean, as proposed by Freud
develops when a child begins to internalize society’s rules for right and wrong, forming what we usually refer to as a conscience
what does defence mechanisms mean
according to freud
it is a protective behaviour that reduces anxiety
redirect negative energy
other defence mechanisms = denial, repression, projection, displacement
- if you keep using these mechanisms then it will do damage to the ego
what do psychosexual stages mean
a stage in Freud’s theory of developing a theory
the 5 stages
1. oral
2. anal - children learn to use the toilet and gain control of their bowel
3. phallic
4. latency
5. genital
explain the neo-Freudian theories
a theorist who attempted to update and modify freuds original theory of personality
what is the unconscious mind
the part of mental activity that cannot be voluntarily retrieved
what was the previous perspectives in personality before humanistic
behaviourism and psychodynamic and then humanistic
what is the humanistic psychologists more interested in
more interested in the process by which personality develops than in the actual characteristics that emerge.
the humanistic psychologists are subject to criticisms of being unscientific in their methods
what is a trait
a stable personality characteristic
what does the big five theory mean and what are the 5
a trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for most individual differences in personality
1. openness to experience
2. conscientiousness
3. surgency (extraversion)
4. agreeableness
5. neuroticism
OCEAN
explain openness in terms of the big 5
appreciation for fantasy, feeling, actions, ideas, values and aesthetics
are curious, unconventional, imaginative
trying new foods, travelling
explain extraversion as in big 5
assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking and positive emotion, can also be insensitive and overbearing
explain introversion
characterized by reserves, caution, sensitive, reflectiveness, want more time to themselves
explain agreeableness as in big 5
trust, straightforward, tender, modesty people
agreeable people find it difficult to supervise others and disagreeable people usually make the tough decisions
explain neuroticism as in big 5
anxiety, anger, hostility, depression, self-consciousness, emotional stability
survival advantages
what are personality types
looking for patterns among multiple traits, behaviours, and other characteristics
3 types resilient, controlled, undercontrolled
other ppl say there should be 2 more including confident and reserved
but the big 5 has made more official types including
1. average
2. self-centered
3. reserved
4. role model
______ shows the highest positive correlation with work-related success
conscientiousness
what is the social-cognitive learning theories
a theory of personality that features cognition andlearning, especially from the social environment as important sources of individual differences in personality
what is the locus of control
A cognitive expectancy featured in social–cognitive learning theories of personality about the source of individual outcomes; an external locus of control sees outcomes as resulting from luck or chance, while an internal locus of control sees outcomes as the result of individual effort.
if you have an external locus of control, you expect that most of your outcomes occur because of chance, luck, opportunity
if you have internal locus of control, you believe that most of your outcomes are due to your own talent and effort
explain internal locus of control
those ppl manage stress more effectively, do things by schedule, floss their teeth everyday, use seat belts more often
they perform better academically
better regulation of their cellphone use during class
but they tend to be less sympathetic, viewing their troubles as due to their choices and behaviour as opposed to outside they cant control
what is the theory of reciprocal determinism
a social-cognitive learning theory of personality that features the mutual influence of the person and the situation on each other
albert bandura
how do we assess personalities - what are the 2 categories
idiographic approaches
- qualitative approach to studying personality that emphasizes the uniqueness of each individual
nomothetic approaches
- quantitative approach to studying personality that focuses on common traits or dimensions that apply to all people
what are personality inventories
they are objective tests, often using numbered scales or MC to assess personality
like MMPI - Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
why are self-reported personality tests bad
they can cause errors
wanting to appear socially appropriate
unlikely to admit things they don’t like about themselves or things that don’t fit the norm
- this is why they do self reported and then have a best friend do the test about them to measure validity
what are projective tests
a test of personality based on freud theory that provides ambiguous stimulus onto which test takers project their personality
inkblots some in colour and some black/white, the ppl were to describe what the blots looked like to them and if they noticed that they talked about a portion of the inkblot instead of an entire image they would be more concrete then abstract thinking
explain the ethics of personality testing
therapists, employers, judges, lawyers, and educators use these tests but who gets to see it or view it or judge it or where are they stored and disposed of
- using invalid results to make real-world decisions = bad
- protecting privacy and confidentiality
how do psychologists approach the study of “self”
ABCs
affect, behaviour, cognition
what does it mean to have a self
patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions we perceive in our own minds
sense of unity, sense of continuity, a sense of embodiment, free will, first-person perspective, social network
what is self-concept
reference to demographic factors such as age, sex, student status, personality features, relationships with others, physical attributes, other roles
what are self-schemas
a cognition organization that helps us think about our selves and process self-relevant info
- we all process info differently
what is self-awareness
talking about ourselves, looking in the mirror or in a room with a lot of people = more self-aware = unpleasant = self-conscious
does self-awareness increase truth telling behaviour in preschool children
the ones that peeked on the object behind them when the researcher left the room to guess the object were more likely to tell the truth compared to the other peekers
what is self-esteem
a judgement of the value of the self and the emotional responses of the judgement
ppl with high or low esteem respond differently to failure
low = overgeneralize from failure
high = exaggerating their abilities in other domains - fail exam, but still reminded that u are good in sports, cooking, etc
what are some sources of self-esteem
early childhood
social comparisons we make of our own worth relative to those around us
social media negatively correlated with self-esteem
t/f children from low income households have lower self-esteem
true
varies across age groups
smaller effects for young children and larger effects for older adults
how does culture impact self-esteem
setting values by which people measure themselves
finding meaningfulness in belonging in a group
what does it mean to sandbag - a form of self-enhancement
occurs when you let everyoe know how bad you are at something
lowering expectations on your performance so nobody will notice how much when you fail
- protects your self-esteem
t/f self-enchancement usually protects self esteem
true
but it has negative effects
disliked by others
lack of making good first impressions
what is the advantage of having self-esteem
happiness and persistence
maintenance of good social relationships
more likely to speak critically when in groups
they value themselves and those around them
what is self regulation
consists of conscious executive efforts to control our thoughts, motives, feelings, behaviours
failure to = drug abuse, domestic violence, binge eating
apparent in young ages when faced with temptation
what is an interpersonal self
the self we are in the presence of other people
what is individualism
emphasis on independence and self-reliance
what is collectivism
interdependence, cooperation and lack of conflict
t/f individualism and collectivism are modifiable
true
individualistic culture = USA
collective culture = hong kong
but when they hear a story of the opposite culture they can be modified based on the persons experience and situation
