Chapter 11 Flashcards
what are the three types of major changes overtime
physical development
cognitive development
social/emotional development
why did psychologists think that development stopped at some point in their childhood
because there is a transitional point where the internal influences were becoming overshadowed by the external ones
what is an example of discontinuous development and continuous
continuous = gradual like acorn growing on a tree
discont = butterfly emerging from its larvae
- same things with some kids, they grow overtime or have a sudden growth spurt
what does the universal vs ecological approach on development explain
universal = development as common to all people
ecological = emphasizes the influence of environment and culture on their development
explain the development that occurs when fertilization in the eggs happen
- zygote - goes thru mothers fallopian tubes to the uterus where it forms into an embryo
- longer than this = fetus
what are the three germ layers that differentiates in the zygote
ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
- ecto = nerve tissue and skin
- meso = muscle and bone
- endo = soft tissue, organs, digestive tract
week 4 = CNS developed, week 7 = cerebral cortex
T/F errors in the eggs and sperm are more likely in older parents
true
- older ppl = long period of time where their eggs have been exposed to environmental influences = high probability of issues
what is teratogen
it is any agent that can produce harmful effects in the zygote, embryo or fetus
- alcohol
- prescriptions for epilepsy
- prozac, zoloft = antidepressants
- aspirin
- linked to facial abnormalities, ADHD, heart defects, premature birth
- weed
what is fetal alcohol spectrum disorder
FASD
- alcohol consumption by pregnant women
- physical abnormalities, growth, skin folded, small head circumference, cognitive and behavioral problems
T/F HIV can be passed from mother to child
true
pregnancy, birth, breastfeeding
male and female sex chromosomes
male = XY
female = XX
but sometimes their genitalia doesn’t match up with their appearences
what does pruning in the Nervous system development mean
the process in which unused or unnecessary neurons and synapses are eliminated in order to enable more efficient neural processing
t/f myelination increases during childhood
true
myelinated systems are faster and more efficient
how does motor development in childhood proceed?
- head to toe direction = controlling the muscles of the neck and shoulders allows 2-month old infants to raise their head
- at the midline - arms and fingers
- some culture = different timeline to develop these motor milestones
what are some impacts on gender identity in children
parental and societal socialization
biology
what did Jean Piaget say about the development of cognition in children
interested in the errors made by the children than in their correct responses
- developed at distinct stages
- cognition matures as the child increasingly uses concepts and organizing schemas to think
what is assimilation
the incorporation of new learning into an existing schema without the need to revise the schema
what is accommodation - Piaget
the incorporation of new learning into an existing schema that requires revision of the schema
- even tho some birds can fly - there can be expections
what does equilibration mean - Piaget
the process by which a child engages in assimilation and accommodation in order to make sense of the world
what is the sensorimotor stage
first stage of piaget theory
begins at birth - 2 yrs old
- here and now rather than the past and future
- sensations immediately evoke motor responses
what are circular reactions
reptitve behaviours during the sensorimotor stage
primary circulation rxns = infants own body - fingers in mouth and suck and do it again
secondary circulation rxns = other ojects in mouth that are not its own body = toys
what is the object permanence during sensorimotor stage
ability to form mental representations of objects that are no longer present
- growth in the prefrontal cortex
what is the preoperational stage - piaget
yrs 2 -6
use of symbols, egocentrism and limits on the ability to reason logically
- limited by belief that appearances are real (superheros)
what is conservation (preoperational stage) - piaget
the ability to understand that changing the form or appearance of an object does not change its quantity
what is egocentrism
piaget
= limitations on the ability to understand the POV of other people
what is the concrete operational stage - piaget
yrs 6-12
logical thinking but not abstract reasoning
- fantasy from reality
- they reasoned best when they engage in hands on learning
what is the formal operational stage - piaget
age 12
handle abstract concepts “what if”
helps with problem solving
what do critics say about Jean piagets development theory
took a perspective from the biological and species perspective
- everyone develops things at different stages (continuous and less stage like)
what did lev vygotsky say about cognitive development
stressed about the role of culture and their differences in the development of a child
- teaches them how to think based on culture
gains info and knowlegde on parents, teachers, and other members of the community
what is the zone of proximal development
vygotsky
- tasks that the child can accomplish with the assistance of more experienced or knowledgeable individuals (parents, teachers)
- child doing a difficult puzzle and a parent telling them to flip the piece around when they are stuck
T/F the overall rate of processing information increases as a child ages
true
attention spans also increase
memory (changes in the frontal lobe and the hippocampus)
T/F many contemporary psychologists believe that piaget underestimated the reasoning abilities of young children
true
what is the theory of mind (TOM)
the understanding that others have thoughts that are different from ones own
cultures, beliefs, desires, intentions
“Sally-anne” task she puts her ball in her basket, leaves and the ball is gone - where will she look for the ball
yrs 3-4
ability to distinguish between living and non living
without TOM development = autism disorder
what are the three temperament categories
- surgency or extraversion - happy, active, vocal, social
- negative affect - anger, fear, sadness, frustration
- effortful control - the ability to pay attention and inhibit behaviour
- but the environment surrounded by the child also has an impact - fearful children with gentle parents develop a stronger internal sense of right and wrong
- 2 children with identical temperaments who behave the same way in these different cultures are likely to have their behaviour interpreted in different ways and recieve different responses from those around them
what is attachment
emotional attachment between child and parent
- reinforced with food for staying near the mother (comfort, security, safety)
- depends on the childs mobility - if they can walk or crawl = attachment
what is secure attachment
a pattern of infant-mother bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent for reassurance
- interacts with strangers as long as the mothers were present - but when they are not present = crying
what is insecure attachment
child-mother bonding that can have many different forms
anxious-avoidant attachment
- avoidant = when mother returned = did not immediately approach her
- anxious = never comfortable with either
how does cultural influence on parenting behavior influence attachement
responsive and sensitive parents = shows them that their parents are always there for them - free to explore their environment knowing that they will be helped in an emergency
unresponsive and inconsistent parents are teaching their kids that the world is unpredictable and they’re parents might not always be there with them = children do not explore far from the parent
what are the two dimensions in parenting styles
parental support (empathy and recognition)
behavioral regulation (consistent discipline and clear expectations)
authoritative parenting style with high support and high behavioral regulation = superior outcomes among children
indulgent parenting style
high parental support with low behavioural regulations
- warm and loving but don’t say “no”
authoritative and authoritarian parenting styles are associated with ___ rates of antisocial behaviour
lower
are those who are indigenous and in residental schools more likely to have drug problems
not associated with drug abuse
associated with sexual and physical abuse
what is adolescence
period of development that = young adults that undergo puberty and sexual maturity
adulthood = financial independence, living arrangement, marriage
puberty
boys = 9-12 yrs old
girls = 8 but the average age is getting lower for the menstruation cycles
t/f the age of puberty is decreasing
true
what are secondary sex characteristics that occur in adolescents
hormone release, maturity in reproductive organs + secondary sex characteristics
boys = muscules, larynx bigger, deeper voices, gentialia, facial hair
girls = breast growth, genitalia, uterus, fat distribution and quantity
what is different in a teens brain rather than an adult
piaget said that brain = mature after puberty = not realistic
gray matter is still developing in early adulthood
- teens = misunderstanding the emotions being displayed
- less activity in the frontal lobe
- early maturity in the amygdala without the logical mature frontal lobe = risky behaviour
what are the three major stages in moral reasoning
- preconventional morality = uses probability of rewards and punishments to guide behavior
- conventional morality = maintains reputation and follows the law
- postconventional morality = follows self-chosen ethical principles
- evaluate laws and rules critically before complying with them
what did erik eriksons psychological stages say about adolescents
identity vs role confusion
- who am i
- failure to achieve a stable identity leads to role confusion and problems with subsequent stages
= abstract reasoning as a teen
what is ethical identity
how an individual feels about being a member of a certain ethic or racial group
- boosts self-esteem or adolescents and young adults
how does family relationship with adolescents impact their use of drugs
alot
- more family relationship = stronger = less likely to do weed, drugs
- also has lots of negative peer influence
