Memory and Emotion Flashcards
Describe how different memory functions change with aging
semantic memory - stay intact
episodic memory - detoriates early
working memory - detoriates early
describe how memory functions can be improve through training
Mnemonics (learning techniques) and process training
describe the challenges of cognitive training
Ubildning, ger det effekt oavsett hur långt gången du är i cognitve decline?
Explain the associate deficit hypothesis
This associative deficit hypothesis (ADH) holds that older adults’ inability to remember the details of prior episodes results from a failure to create and retrieve links between individual items and the contexts in which they appeared during encoding.
What does the well-being paradox refer to and how is it related to age-related differences in enjoyment, happiness, stress, worry, anger, and sadness?
Despite age-related changes or declines in circumstances, health or income, many older people are able to maintain subjective well-being (SWB) in later life. This is known as the paradox of well-being.
Know a biolocal explanation for age-related differences in emotion regulation
temperament, amydala
Describe a typical emotional stressor, which an older person may be more commonly exposed to than a young person, and a way in which the person may be deal with it to maintain mental health.
Bortgång av vänner eller partner, can isolate or view it fromt he positive side.
Describe the attentional positivity bias in older adults and how this bias effects experience and memory of older adults for negative, neutral and positive simuli
äldre tittar längre på positiva stimuli, kommer ihåg de bättre och blir inte lika påverkade av negativ stimuli och har även lättare att komma ut negativ affekt. Yngre tittar längre på negativa stimuli. Detta sker inte om det är en dual-task, alltså distraktionsmoment där de samtidigt ska göra t.ex. en visuell uppgift. Då tittar äldre längre på det negativa stimulit. Men är det medvetet och de har ett val tittar de hellre på positiva stimuli.
minns lättast positiva, sen negativa, sist neutrala
Upplever inte en interpersonell konflikt som lika jobbig och blir heller inte lika påverkade av emotionellt av stressorer.
Äldres amygdala är inte lika aktiverat när de ser negativt stimuli som de yngres. Amygdala har mer aktivitet än yngre när de ser positiva stimuli. Påverkas positivtetsbias då amygdalas funktion bland annat är att styra uppmärksamheten mot negativa stimulin och faror
interview 72 year old man. Feel as well read as before and that my knowledhe is as big but its harder to retrieve the knowledge fast.
This man’s statement is largely in line with current knowledge.
Both of his first two statements concerns his semantic memory. They are memories that do not have a clear place in time and space - they are not remebered as lived experiences.
Semantic memory is generally well preserved late in life. Some studies have even shown gains in semantic memory with aging (like vocabulary). Semantic memory is in large part related to crystallized intelligence, abilities that are dependent on experience and eduaction and not the mechanics of the brain. It is thus less affected by aging’s biological decline in brain function. Not suprising that he feels the way he feels.
His other statement about retrieval. That is aswell in line with current knowledge. With age processing speed declines due to atrofi of white matter integrity. Slower perceptual speed for example has been shown in older persons but they benefit from more time and will then complete the cognitive task like younger persons. This indicates that it might not be the abilities themselves that diminishes, but their speed.
episodic memory generally decline after 60.
två typer av interventioner som syftar till att förbättra minnet + exempel
Strategibaserad intervention: Teach people mnemonics. Method of loci
Processbaserad intervention:Teach people to get better at specific processes. improving working memory with n-back
Describe the negative consequences of multimorbidity
means having several coexisting pathological conditions. For example suffering from hypertension and diabetes.
Challanges:
- Polypharmacy, that is:
a) having to manage several different medications from a risk of the treatment substance interactions and issues with medications not being tested for the use together with other medications
b) side effects, causing new health problems
c) administration schedules, challenging - increased frailty - that is that the conditions interact in themselves, reducing the reserves to handle unexpected negative health events.
- difficulty managing many diseases and different, somtimes counteracting , instructions, more difficult as we age due to physical and cognitive changes.
How Emotion regulation changes in old age. Describe how age-related differences in strategies influencing the emotional response at different stages of the emotional cycle could account for these changes.
Emotion regulation changes as we age. Older adults reacts with less negative affect tha younger adults and were more content.
The emotion regulation model has 5 phases:
Siutation selektion
situation Modifikation
attentional deployment
reappraisal (change)
reaction (modulation of response)
Young adults tend to use late strategies like attentional deployment, reappraisal and modulation of response while older persons tend to use early strategies, more acitvely avoiding situations that may turn unpleasant , or modyfying the situation actively before running into the later stages.
Younger adults thus end up in more emotionally challening situations while older adults tend to successfuly avoid them.
