memory and attention Flashcards
what is the capacity and duration for sensory memory
high capacity as it stores data from all the senses
short duration and most data gets forgotten straight away
what is the capacity and duration for working memory
limited capacity
short duration 10s of seconds
what is the capacity and duration for long term memory
unlimited
what information does working memory contain
what youre currently paying attention to therefore when your attention changes the data is deleted
what is working memory triggered by
perception and thought
when you think of something all related info stored is fired up
7 +- 2
the chunks that we can store if theyre all connected
3/4 if not
how can we get working memory to record 20-30 sec of info
if we keep looking at it or repeating it
chunking
combining information into chunks allowing us to store more things
central executive
coordinating component
controls what were paying attention to
visiospatial sketchpad
inner eye
pictures appear in our head when we remember something
epsiodic buffer
ordering and sequencing
phonological loop
inner voice
sound speech and language from visuals
implicit long term memory
muscle memory/motor action
lasts longer than explicit
explicit long term memory
facts
what are the 3 types of explicit long term memory
spacial; the location in the environment or on a screen
episodic; experiences you have
semantic; retained facts
how do we encode long term memory
we experience them via senses and they’re encoded and stored in memory visually, acoustically or semantically
how are memories stored
with things similar to them and theyre not all stored the same way
what is the difficulty of retrieval based on
practice, recency and context
what is the difference between recall and recognition
recall; being able to remember something without being prompted
recognition; recognizing something youve seen before
which is easier between recall and recognition and why
recognition as it is aided by external information which provides cues and reactivates memories
spacial memory
remembering regions not specific regions
allows us to define spacial relations between objects
what is attention
the mechanism that allocates cognitive recourses to tasks
what are the 6 types of attention in the hierarchal model of attention
divided
alternating
selective
sustained
focused
arousal
divided attention
attending to different tasks at the same time
alternating attention
switching between different tasks
selective attention
focus on 1 stimuli amongst many others
sustained attention
concentrating on 1 stimuli amongst many others
focused stimuli
focusing on a particular stimuli for a longer period of time
arousal
activation/alertness level
what is the spotlight model
anything in the spotlight is what is being focused on
small amount of space that moves very quickly
anything not in the spotlight is ignored
what does focused attention determine and what is it triggered by
what we have in working memory which is triggered by perception and thought
selective attention
the ability to focus on 1 stimuli and ignore distractors
filter model
sensory data is filtered and only selected data becomes processed further
overt attention
focal vision; what youre looking at
covert attention
peripheral vision; the background
attenuation model
the information isn’t filtered but the volume of things were not paying attention to is lowered
cocktail party effect
the ability to focus on 1 conversation whilst processing others in the background
tune into the background based on familiarity
top-down attention
internal cues un our head based on goals intention and expectations
what are the 2 parts of attention cueing
top-down and bottom-up attention
bottom-up attention
involuntary external cues driven by sensory stimuli
salience
the effectiveness of features to draw attention due to contrast
what is an example of something salient
pop up features
saliency maps
an image where brightness of a pixel represents saliency
what is the multiple recourse theory of attention
when tasks require different recourses youre able to do them in parallel however if they require the same one then they interfere with eachother and will have to be done one at a time
inattentional blindness
not noticing something in plain view as youre not paying attention to it
focusing on whats relevant to your goals
change blindness
not noticing changes introduced in the visual scene
what is an example of change blindness
fast changes on displays can be missed when we blink
bias in perception based on goals
seeing only what relates to our goals
bias in perception based on expectations
perceive the expected structure instead of actually looking
