action knowledge and error

Question 1

what are the 3 levels of processing based on action

Answer 1

skills
rules
knowledge

Question 2

skills level processing

Answer 2

low level skills usually developed through practice

Question 3

rules level processing

Answer 3

more complex almost automatic processes that youre familiar with

Question 4

knowledge level processing

Answer 4

a new situation not encountered before
takes a lot of cognition as you have to use your past knowledge and experiences to figure out what to do

Question 5

what kind of errors do you get with skills level processing

Answer 5

inaccuracy, not notice errors

Question 6

what kind of errors do you get with rules level processing

Answer 6

applying the wrong set of rules
forgetting steps

Question 7

what kind of errors do you get with knowledge level processing

Answer 7

having the wrong mental modes/ wrong idea of what to do

Question 8

what are the 3 levels pf processing based on response

Answer 8

visceral
behavioural
reflective

Question 9

visceral level processing

Answer 9

instinctive reactions

Question 10

behavioural level processing

Answer 10

applying rules and previous situations
actions based on expectations

Question 11

reflective level of processing

Answer 11

thinking critically about the current experience
conscious reflection that doesnt have to happen in the moment

Question 12

visceral design

Answer 12

making the products and user interfaces attractive

Question 13

behavioural design

Answer 13

making products easy to learn and use

Question 14

reflective design

Answer 14

people like to talk about the product

Question 15

why is it good to have all the levels of emotional design (visceral, behavioural, reflective)

Answer 15

if someone loves your product then theyre more willing to put up with the erros and issues

Question 16

name and explain the 7 stages of action (GPSPWPIC)

Answer 16

goal; what does the user want
plan; how will the user acheive the goal
specify; the actions to be carried out
perform; interacting with the system
world
perceive; what happened/changed in the state of the world
interpret; is the change what the user wanted
compare; are we at the goal

Question 17

key points on the hierarchical-sequential organisation model of action

Answer 17

things at the bottom are small unit tasks/ individual interactions with the system that take <10ms
each goal is usually linked to another goal
allows you to map out and understand all the tasks the user might have to do

Question 18

gulf of execution

Answer 18

the user needs to understand what they need to do and how they can do that with the system

Question 19

gulf of evaluation

Answer 19

can the user tell that what they were expecting to happen has happened via a signifier or visual difference

Question 20

knowledge in the world

Answer 20

easy to provide to the user but hard to recall

Question 21

knowledge in our heads

Answer 21

harder to learn
can interact with systems more efficiently
don’t need the extra information to be visible on the system

Question 22

declarative knowledge

Answer 22

what we know
facts and rules
easy to write down but not easy to teach

Question 23

procedural knowledge

Answer 23

how we know
skills and how you do things
more complicated to implement

Question 24

externalisation

Answer 24

put as much info as possible on the user interface instead of relying on the user having it in their heads

Question 25

mental models

Answer 25

an internal representation in our heads of the way something works and using this to decide how to act

Question 26

in which two ways can we create mental models

Answer 26

explanation; teaching you/tutorials experiences; interaction and observation

Question 27

what are 2 characteristics of mental models

Answer 27

based on beliefs not facts not perfect

Question 28

in which three ways are mental models not perfect

Answer 28

incomplete; users understand some points better than others inertia; users learn one mental model and stick to it and find it hard to adapt unscientific/irrational

Question 29

conceptual models

Answer 29

what happens in the head of the designer of the system

Question 30

what is the point of conceptual models

Answer 30

abstracts details from the user and allows them to focus on what they need to know to use the system

Question 31

how do we convey the conceptual model to the user

Answer 31

through the user interface using metaphors and mappings

Question 32

metaphors

Answer 32

ideas and concepts that the user is familiar with e.g. using the floppy disk to signify save

Question 33

what are the benefits of using metaphors

Answer 33

useful for interfaces never used before act as a reminder

Question 34

mappings

Answer 34

the relationship between a control and its effect on the world

Question 35

what are some characteristics of good mappings

Answer 35

understood immediately consistent with the knowledge that the user already has no effort to remember or recognise

Question 36

stimulus-response compatibility

Answer 36

how much the physical representation of the stimuli matches the location of the expected responses

Question 37

natural mappings

Answer 37

the systems controls represent/correspond to a desired outcome making systems faster to learn and easier to remember bridging the gulf of execution

Question 38

what makes mappings feel natural and what are the 3 types

Answer 38

the fact that they're based on analogies spacial, ,metaphorical and cultural

Question 39

spacial analogies

Answer 39

apply to the real world e.g.. in a lift lower levels are at the bottom and higher levels at the top

Question 40

metaphorical analogies

Answer 40

e.g. in a thermometer when the temperature is higher the liquid level goes up

Question 41

cultural analogies

Answer 41

things of cultural significance/are the norm e.g. left = hot

Question 42

errors

Answer 42

any situation where the action doesn't do what we expect

Question 43

what are the 2 types of errors

Answer 43

planning errors and errors in execution

Question 44

planning errors

Answer 44

applying the wrong mental model mistakes

Question 45

what are the 3 types of mistakes

Answer 45

memory knowledge; wrong number/size rules; interface not doing what they're used to

Question 46

errors in execution

Answer 46

an unintended action

Question 47

what are the two types of execution errors

Answer 47

slips; know what were doing but make a small mistake as these are things that we do semi-automatically lapses; missing a step in execution/lack of attention

Question 48

how can we avoid mistake errors

Answer 48

making sure the conceptual model is appropriate making sure the user has a clear conceptual model they can apply via good mappings and metaphors

Question 49

how can we avoid slip errors

Answer 49

bigger targets and menus input constraints forgiving formatting good defaults

Question 50

how can we avoid lapse errors

Answer 50

keep track for the user support in clean-up tasks