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Psychology 1A > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

The three stage model

A 
Atkinson and Shiffren 1968
very influencial model
based on general informaion processing
sensory input
sensory memory
given attention and encoded into 
short term working memory
encoded into ltm
for future retrieval
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2
Q

memory stores: sensory

A

Separate store for each sense e.g. auditory store (echoic) holds trace for few seconds/ visual (iconic) < 1 second
- See Sperling’s experiment of iconic memory in your text book page 280

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3
Q

memory stores: short term memory

A

if unrehearsed new memory trace is lost

info also enters here from lTM

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4
Q

memory stores: long term memory

A

informatin is stored here indefinitely

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5
Q

working memory

A

Alternative view – emphasises working memory
four main components are:
•Phonological loop
•Visuospatial sketchpad
•Central executive
•Episodic buffer
Refs:Baddeley 1990, 2000,2002), Squire & Knowlton (2000), Cabeza & Nyberg 1997), Haxby et al (1995) Roberts, Robbins & Weiskrantz (1996)

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6
Q

memory processes: encoding

A

information going into memory put into a form that the system can use i.e. coded
Memory codes are mental representations of physical stimuli
acoustic codes -represent information as sounds visual codes -represent information as pictures semantic codes -represent experience by its meaning

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7
Q

memory processes: storage

A

maintaining information over a period of time i

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8
Q

memory processes: retrieval

A

information in memory being brought into consciouusness

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9
Q

encoding

A

ainly acoustic code in STM – can store for short time in visual or semantic code
Mainly semantic code in LTM - but can also be stored in acoustic/ visual

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10
Q

storage

A

Dependent on store – amount stored/ retention period
•Maintenance rehearsal
•Elaborative rehearsa

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11
Q

memory capacity

A

STM – information held for a few seconds/ up to 2 minutes sometimes
•To estimate capacity of STM – serial position curve
•LTM capacity limitless?

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12
Q

serial position curve

A

shows how well information is remembered
primary effect and recency effect shows inormation in lists are better remembere dat the start of the list and end of the list

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13
Q

models of emory: levels of processing

A

amount of encoding/processing determines how well something is remembered
e.g. REHEARSAL
This model argues that memory enhancement due to
elaborative rehearsal occurs because of depth of processing i.e. the more thought/organisation/relating done, the deeper the processing and better the memory
Continuum, not separate stores
Ref:Craik & Lockhart (1972) Craik & Tulving(1975)

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14
Q

models of memory: transfer apppropriate information

A

suggests that what is critical in memory is how the encoding matches what is retrieved
ASSOCIATIVE NETWORKS
New experiences don’t just lead to new facts being stored which can later be retrieved individually. They also change overall knowledge a person has. Each unit of knowledge is linked to every other unit. Connections strengthen as their joint experience increases. We can therefore draw inferences and
conclusions.
Ref:Collins & Quillian (1969)

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15
Q

typed of memory: explicit

A

trying deliberately to remember something

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16
Q

typed of memory: implicit

A

unintentional recollection/influence of prior experience (automatic - no conscious effort required)dev

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17
Q

declarative memory

A

episodic/semantic

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18
Q

episodic memory

A

memory for spacific event at which you were present

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19
Q

semantic memory

A

generallised knowledge of the world excluding that relatedto a spacific event

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20
Q

procedural memory

A

memory for how to do things

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21
Q

prospectibe memory

A

remembering to do things in the future

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22
Q

retrospective memory

A

rememberin events in the past

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23
Q

habitual tasks

A

are more easly rremembered

24
Q

its important to attatch cues to a task

A

to be better remembered

25
Q

age and prospective memory

A

older people flind prospective memory more difficult

26
Q

memoryand the brain

A

different types of memories stored in many locations
Simultaneous processing
Biochemical changes involved in memory - neurotransmitters
Neural networks formed
Structure of neurons and LTM
Hormone changes also affect memory storage Ref:

27
Q

brain area function in memory

A

Areas of the brain interact in memory
•Sensory areas of cortex involved initially
•WM – brain network/frontal lobes involved •Consolidation of LTM – hippocampus
•Cerebral cortex storage of declarative memories •Amygdala – encoding of events (emotional) •Cerebellum – procedural memories
•Thalamus – damage leads to Amnesia

28
Q

memonics

A 
MNEMONICS
Techniques for improving memory
2 ‘ingredients’ –
Good recoding technique (leads to strong memory trace) They provide effective retrieval cues
Link method
Peg method Method of loci 
Acronyms/acrostics
chunking
hierarchies
29
Q

forgetting

A

has to do with problems in encoding
storage
recall
first person to study it was Ebbinghaus (1885)

30
Q

measures of forgetting

A

recall
recognition
relearning

31
Q

causes of forgetting: problems with encoding

A

information may not have been encoded or have been encoded either ineffectively or inappropriately

32
Q

causes of forgetting: problems with storage

A 
memory trace may fade with time (decay)
Problems with storage – decay/ interference Brown-Peterson paradigm
Retroactive interference (after information to be remembered)
Proactive interference (before information to be remembered)
33
Q

brown petersen paradigm explained

A

Subjects recall string of 3 letters (trigrams) – consonants only e.g. KBF
• Intervals of 3,6,9,12,15,18 seconds after last letter presented
• After each trigram subjects count backwards in threes from a 3 digit number to prevent rehearsal during the retention interval

34
Q

causes of forgetting: retrieval errors

A

information recalled when previously it was not remembered – information may be in memory but can’t be easily accessed

35
Q

childhood amnesia

A

CHILDHOOD AMNESIA: inability to recall events in very early years of life
•Difference in how young children encode?/Self concept?/Biological development?/Cognitive factors

36
Q

Amnesia

A

Anterograde
retrograde
•H.M. – brain damaged patient anterograde and retrograde amnesia due to brain surgery to correct epileptic seizures

37
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

inability to remember everyday events and to acquire new information

38
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

inability to remember events before injury/ disease

39
Q

Altzeimers

A
  • Memory disorder – most common form of dementia •UK 1:20 aged 70-80, 1:5 over 80
  • Progressive loss of memory, especially semantic •Recall and recognition affected
  • PM reveals brain changes – cerebral cortex shrinkage, neurofibrilliary tangles, amyloid plaques
40
Q

korsakoffs syndrome

A

Alcohol damage to brain as well as other organs •Can be accompanied by anterograde and retrograde amnesia
•Extensive damage to thalamus and hypothalamus – shows that these areas are involved in LTM
Evidence is therefore available over a range of disorders showing that specific regions and systems in the brain are involved in the transfer of information from STM to LTM

41
Q

effortful processing

A

making a conscious effort to encode information

42
Q

auromatic processing

A

information with little attention is unintentionally encoded

43
Q

ways the brain is studied int terms of memory

A

by studying people with brain damage
through imaging
through studying laboratory animals

44
Q

memory construction

A

piecing together pieces of stored information to complete a sketchy or incomplete memory

45
Q

young children a eyewitnesses

A

found children are moree susceptible to suggestion and influence than other children
suggestive questioning can influence children
professionals hace diddiculty discriminating between true and false reports

46
Q

emory

A

processes that allow us to record store and later retrieve informaiton

47
Q

how information is retrieved

A

informaiton is activated by a retrieval cue accompanied b the process of spread actiavation

48
Q

long term potentiation

A

the enduring increase in synaptic strength

49
Q

neural network

A

name given to a mathematical model of a collection of artificial neutrons that mimic some aspect of learning

50
Q

millers magic number

A

it refers to the capacity limit of the shrt term memory

it is set as seven plus or minus two

51
Q

a schema

A

is an organised pattern of thought about some aspect of the world that can influence encoding

52
Q

the better we encore iformation

A

the EASIER it will be to retrieve

53
Q

the relation between confidence in ones memory and its accuracy…

A

are weakly related

54
Q

state dependantmemory

A

describe how the quality of memory version is determined by the state the subject is in when creating the memory hence low quality of memory in a drugged state

55
Q

the enactment effect

A

appears to work through motor feedback

56
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a memory that is so clear it seems like a snapshot of the actual moment

57
Q

motivated forgetting

A

repression
supression
it is a psychodynamic concept
it is controvercial

Psychology 1A (14 decks)

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