brain learning and motivation: brain behaviour-motivation

Question 1

we are motivated to..

Answer 1

eat sleep drink regulate body temperature etc…

Question 2

variations in moticated behavious

Answer 2

food intake
sexual behaciour
bible reading
…all varyupon individual differences

Question 3

what is motivation

Answer 3

A process/condition that influences our behaviours to fulfill both physical and psychological needs/desires
driving force behind:
emerging: initiating actions/behaviours
directing: guides behaviour toward a goal
persistance: keep going until need is satisfied

Question 4

needs and drives

Answer 4

Drives are psychological states that create arousal which motivates and organism to satisfy a need

Question 5

needs and drives: origin

Answer 5

all drives ar not equal:

Question 6

the wisdom of the body

Answer 6

• Homeostasis (Cannon, 1932)

Question 7

homeostasis

Answer 7

A state of internal physiological equilibrium that the body strives to maintain

Question 8

why we ar motivated to meet our needs

Answer 8

physiological basis for motivation
psychological experience of motivation

these both equal back to drive reduction returning the balance

Question 9

eating

Answer 9

regulation of food intake

when it goes wrong this is called regulation failures

Question 10

eating: physiological regulation of food intake

Answer 10

all different parts of the body play a roll e.g. stomach small intestine
adepose tissue and liptin enzyme that monitors fat as well as glucose monitoring in liver

Question 11

the hypothalamus

Answer 11

consists of :
lateral region (go centre)
hypothalamic nuclei
ventromedial region (stop center)
contains over 20 clusters of neutrons (nuclei) all implicated in eating

Question 12

regulation of food intake and the hypothalamus

Answer 12

sensitive to glucose levels in the blood
sensitive to leptin
sensitive to external stimuli
hpothalamus is brain structure that most influences eating

Question 13

brain damage and body weight

Answer 13

hyperphagia: excessive hunger
aphagia: refusal to swallow

Question 14

when the system is all going well

Answer 14

we eat what we need
calorie intake remains constant
metabollism etc lowers when activity level lowers
while all keeping weight constant

Question 15

when things go wrong: obesity

Answer 15

men 5-23%

women 7-36%

Question 16

obesity causes

Answer 16

physiological: no constant changes
Genes: eg (e.g. Sørensen et al., 1992; Bouchard et al., 1990; Maes et al., 1997)
food availibility and sedentary lifestyle
eg Wadden et al, 2002)

Question 17

when things go wrong: Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 17

1%in industrialised societies
enviromental causes:
westernised society
psychological:
perfectionist personality
biological:
genetic predisposition

Question 18

what do different motivations have in common

Answer 18

External cues/incentives provide the pleasure that we take in eating

Question 19

pleasure center in the brain

Answer 19

accidentally discovered by (Olds, 1953; Olds & Milner, 1954; Olds, 1958)
While stimulating the bran, one electrode missed its target and suddenly his rat started repeating its behaviour.
Obsessively pressed a lever 5-7 thousand times an hour for the same stimulation
similar results have been seen in other species

Question 20

medial forebrain bundle (MFB)

Answer 20

consists of:
Axons from nucleus accumbent
Dopamine interaction
nucleus accumbens
medial forebrain bundle

Question 21

biological basis of reward

Answer 21

Perhaps this brain-stimulation reward is what motivates us do to things that are good for us?
– Brain stimulation more likely if natural motivation strong (Olds & Fobes, 1981)
Dopamine released naturally when need met (e.g. Phillips et al., 1991)
– Blockade of dopamine reduces behaviour (Wise & Rompre, 1989)

Question 22

drugs and motivation

Answer 22

• Drugs affect dopamine levels in MFB (see, e.g. Di Chiara, 1998; Kelley, 2004; Drevets et al., 2001 )
• Perhaps also affects over-eating (Davis et al., 2004, 2007) and under-eating (Davis & Woodside, 2002; Eiber et al., 2002)?