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Psychology 1A > brain learning and motivation: cognitive neuroscience > Flashcards

brain learning and motivation: cognitive neuroscience Flashcards

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1
Q

**cortex

A

wheremost o the higher function takes place

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2
Q

size of brains

A

male brains are usually around 200g heavier than female brains
humans don’t have the heaviest brains i the world

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3
Q

the longitudinal issuer

A

divides the brain into its right and left hemispheres

though the two sides are still connected

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4
Q

**Corpus Callosum

A

the connection tissue between the right and left hemispheres of brain

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5
Q

Pia Mater layer and the Arachnoid layer

A

the brain is protected by many layers of tissue these are two of them between which there is cerebral fluid

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6
Q

stroe

A

occurs when blood supply to the brain is cut off/ not getting to the right place

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7
Q

Ventricles in brain

A

primarily contain cerebral fluid, produced by the brain

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8
Q

the Broca area and Wernicke areas

A

respectively responsible for language production and language comprehension

lesions in these areas can lead to aphasia as they are on left hemisphere

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9
Q

The Penfield & Rasmusen experiment, in 1950

A

involved stimulating parts of a patient brain to determine which areas were responsible for what function

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10
Q

the size of corresponding brain areas

A

depends on the importance of the body part they represent e.g. the hand has a large area because it is very sensitive
can carry out a number of different functions
and is packed with receptors

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11
Q

techniques used in cognitive neuroscience: single cell recording

A

a technique used in research to observe changes in voltage or current in a neuron.

n this technique an animal, usually anesthetized, has a microelectrode inserted into its skull and into a neuron in the area of the brain that is of interest

the electrode measures the change in charge as the neuron reaches its action potential ( the voltage at which the neuron is active)
… in response to cerain stimuli

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12
Q

single cell recording : found

A

different cells react to different stimuli e.g. a light moving in a line would stimulate different cells to one situated in a different orientation

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13
Q

visual cortex and central vision (fovea

A

in monkeys it was found during a single cell recording that 40% of cells in the visual cortex were stimulated by the central vision because this is the most detailed point of vision

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14
Q

primary visual cortex

A

receives all visual input from the retina

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15
Q

techniques used in cognitive neuroscience: lesion studies

A

lesions on the brain caused by stroke i.e. loss of blood supply to certain areas, brain damage and trauma

some patients could have one lesion , some could have several and some could have one large lesion… therefore its impotent that tests are carried out to understand which lesions cause which conditions i.e.. which part of the brain being damaged is responsible

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16
Q

lesion studies: Aphasia

A

caused by lesion of the left hemisphere of the brain

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17
Q

effects of aphasia

A

sufferers may have difficulty speaking, reading, writing, recognizing the names of objects, or understanding what other people have said

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18
Q

hemispatial neglect

A

caused by a lesion on the right hemisphere of the brain

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19
Q

hemispatial neglect effects

A

causes sufferers to ignore the left side e.g. eat dinner only off the right side of the plate

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20
Q

tests for hemispatial neglect

A

patients would be given a sheet with something on it and be asked to copy it withou moving the sheet,

if a sufferer they would only copy the right hand side

another test is to give them a sheet with big stars and little stars and ask ten to cross out all small stars… sufferers would not cross out small stars on left

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21
Q

techniques used in cognitive neuroscience: transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

uses n electrically charged coil which is placed against the scap.
this creates a magnetic fied that interferes with brainwaves in the desired area that the coil is positioned at

use to create artificial lesions this helps in determining which lesions cause what behaviour in specific areas in the brain

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22
Q

TMS advantages

A

can be done on healthy undamaged brains and subjects
wider range of subjects
rules out interference of other lesions

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23
Q

TMS disadvantages

A

patients participating often move around when having the hlmrt put on discharging the magnetic field

depending on which part of the brain you want to test you need to know exactly where to place the coil this can be difficult in small areas

coil position must be guided and monitored

since the magnetic field is weak it cannot reach deeper areas in the brain

24
Q

brain imaging techniques

A

can be broken into 2 categories:
Structural techniques
functional techniques

25
Q

structure brain imaging techniques

A

used to to observe the oxmposition and interrelated parts of the brain

26
Q

functional techniques

A

used to observe what a part of the brain does and how it works

27
Q

structural imaging techniquesL examples

A

photo
CT scan
MRI scan
staining

28
Q

functional imaging techniques- electrical activity (electromagnetic): examples

A

single cell recording
EEG
MEG

29
Q

structural scanner: computer tomography (CT)

A

X-ray scanner rotates, taking images at different angles and planes (depths)
• Different tissues absorb different amounts of radia

30
Q

structural scanner: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A 
Magnet:
Very strong magnetic field (3T = 60000x earth magnetic field)
Gradient Coils:
Enables spatial encoding
Radio Frequency Coil:
Receives and transmits
radio frequency waves (absorbed and released by hydrogen atoms)

31
Q

CT: advantages

A

short scan time
cheaper than MRI
good for bone images

32
Q

CT disadvantages

A

not suitable for pregnant women or children
could cause irradiation
uses X-rays
less detailed imaged than MRI

33
Q

MRI advantages

A

detailed images of soft tissues

34
Q

MRI disadvantages

A

expensive
nor ideal for large people/cjlostrophobic people
no ferromagnetic objects can be worm inside people with coloured tattoos etc
long scan time

35
Q

functional scanner: Functional Magnet Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

A

observes blood flow in the brain… since active brain tissue uses more blood and blood contains oxygen that has magnetic properties this is how its observed

36
Q

funtional scanner: positron emisson tomography; PET

A

Radioactive water injected into subject

 Radioactive positrons follow blood flow to active sites  Positrons set off detectors that measure their position

37
Q

fmri advantages

A

magnetic field so no likelihood of radiation

good spatial resolution

38
Q

fmri disadvantages

A

expensive
no feromagnetic objects
not suitable for very large or chlostrophovic people
poor temporal resolution

39
Q

pet advantages

A

can image biological processes

good spatial resolution

40
Q

pet disadvantages

A

poor temporal resolution
not suitable for pregnant women or children
possibility of iradiation since it uses X-rays
very expensive
involves a radioactive which people can be uncomfortable about

41
Q

techniques used in cognitive neuroscience

A

Single Cell Recording
Lesion studies
Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
Brain Imaging Technique

42
Q

making neutrons visible

A

can be done through golgi stain and neisil stain

43
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG(

A

electrodes attatched to scalp surface measures electrical activity generated by the brain
many electrodes
fixed in spacific places
each line of wave represents each electrode

44
Q

EEG waves

A

beta 13-30 hz very awake
alpha 8-13 hz relaxed
theta 4-8 hz sleepy
delta 0.5-4hz deep sleep

45
Q

event related potential (ERP)

A

EEG during a task to measure brain activity during specific task
reference point to note when stimulus was presented to calculate average of meaningful data
peaks in waves will appear for when stimulus was presented
n and p refer to negativie and positive changes in voltage

46
Q

Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)

A

measures the magnetic field surrounding brain

superconducting quantum interferance devices inside machine at specific points all over the head but not attached likee EEg

very sensitive to magnetic field
done in isolated room to avoid interference of other magnetic fields

47
Q

brain magnetic field

A

smaller than earths magnetic field

48
Q

MEG output

A

curve of mean output from device

shows changes in magnetic field

49
Q

EEG advantages

A

measures electric current
good temporal resolution
cheap

50
Q

EEG disadvantages

A

affected by conductivity of scalp

poor spatial resolution

51
Q

MEG advantages

A

unaffected by scalp
measures magnetic field
good temporal resolution

52
Q

MEG disadvantages

A

needs shielding from other magnetic fields
spatial resolution depends on depth
expensive

53
Q

brain imaging techniques: good spatial resolution

A

PET
fmri
sometimes MEG dependant on depth

54
Q

brain imaging techniques: poor spatial resolution

A

EEG
ERP
sometimes MEG dependant on depth

55
Q

brain imaging techniques: good temporal resolution

A

MEG
EEG
ERP

56
Q

brain imaging techniques: poor temporal resolution

A

pet

fmri

Psychology 1A (14 decks)

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