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Psychology 1A > brain learning and motivation: neural communications > Flashcards

brain learning and motivation: neural communications Flashcards

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1
Q

typical neuron structure

A

neutrons are basic building blocks of nervous system

nucleus
cell membrane
dendrites
sona *cell body
Myelin sheath
node of ranvier
axon
axon terminals
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2
Q

informaion passing through neutrons

A

information passes down neutron by electrical impulse

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3
Q

information is transmitted within neutrons

A

through axonal conduction

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4
Q

information transmitted between neutrons

A

through synaptic transmission

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5
Q

how they communicate

A

the neuron generates an electrical impulse that travels down the axon and into the axon terminals

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6
Q

3 main neuron types

A

sensory
motor
interneuron

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7
Q

purkinje neutron found by

A

costandi

Ramon V Cajal in 1899

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8
Q

neuron structure: soma

A

the ell body

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9
Q

neuron structure: dendrites

A

specialised receiving units that collect messages from neighbouring neutrons and send them on to the cell body

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10
Q

neuron structure: Axon

A

cunducts electrical impulses away from cell body to other neutrons muscles or glands

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11
Q

neuron structure: Myelin Sheath

A

series of fatty wrappers formed by Glial cells
surrounds axons of neutrons that communicate over long distances in nervous system
allow fast propagation of action potentials along those axons

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12
Q

MS

A

De-Myelination occurs

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13
Q

neuron structure: nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps between the Glial cell wrappers of Myelin Sheath around axons
nodes are crucial to the speed of electrical impulses along Myelinated axons
electrical signal is slow even in Myelinated neutrons its around 1-91m per sec

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14
Q

the ways in which neutrons pass information

A

electrical impulses

chemistry

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15
Q

Myelinated neurons appearance

A

white matter
whitish appearing particles and paths in the brain
composed of Myelinated neurons in particular Axons

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16
Q

gray matter

A 
the absence of myelination
gray matter is:
Dendrites
cell bodies
unMyelinated axons
...these are the nervous systems microcircuitry
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17
Q

Glial cells

A

act as a guide wire for growing neurons
provide a supportive scaffolding for mature neutrons
form Myelin Sheath and blood brain barrier

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18
Q

the blood brain barrier

A

protects the brain from:
noxious substances
some drugs

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19
Q

blood vessels in brain

A

selectively permeable barrier
have a protective lining
allows in nutrients but keeps out toxious substances
prescription drugs for brain conditions must be able to pass through barrier

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20
Q

Neuron communication: Axon membrane

A

Axon membrane is semi permiable so some chemicals can pass through freely others cat

When Axon membrane is stable there is an excess of positive ions on outside making a negative charge difference

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21
Q

recording voltage within a neutron

A

an electrode is inserted into axon
the other records from Axons outside
at rest a -70 millivolt different ewill be detected
at firing the voltage will shift slightly before returning to resting voltage

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22
Q

Neuron communications: electrical communications and voltage changes

A

when membrane is stimulated it deeplarises
and sodium ion channels open
this leads to an action potential
ion movement leads to an excess of positively charged particals inside the membrane
this produces a positive voltage swing
the excitation spreads leading to propagation of the action potential along the axon
immediately there is a refraction period
potasium channels open causing hyper polarisation

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23
Q

electrical communications: hyperpolarisation

A

more negatively charged inside than the resting potential

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24
Q

electrical communications: duing refractory period

A

cells are less sensitive to stimulation than they are normally

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25
Q

electrical communications; return to resting potential

A

there are pumps that actively use energy to move sodium ions out of the neutron for every two potassium ions it puts in
At rest, again there are rela;vely more sodium ions outside the neuron and more potassium ions inside that neuron

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26
Q

electrical communications: sequence of events of action potential

A

neuron membrane is disturbed
sodium channel opens and sodium floods in
when voltage reaches -55 the neutron fires sending a wave of electrical impulse along the neutron
sodium channels close and potasium opens reversing depolarisation
potasium channels close
ack to resting potential

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27
Q

electrical communications: propagation is muc faster if …

A

axon is myelinated
Depolariza$on proceeds down the axon by a number of skips or jumps because ion cannels only open at the nodes of ranvier

28
Q

electrical communications: action potential and the all o none law

A

Once it’s launched, further increases in s;mulus intensity have no effect on its magnitude.

29
Q

interneural communication

A 
at axon terminal the electrical signal causes the release of specialised chemicals
these chemical (neurotransmitters) travel across synapse to next neutron
30
Q

chemical communications: synapse

A

the unction between two neutrons consisting of the presynaptic membrane
post synaptic membrane
and synaptic cleft between them

31
Q

chemical communications: neurotransmitters

A

make communication between two neutrons possible by:
crossing synapse
latching onto receptors on postsynaptic cel
triggering a response in the ell
some neurotransmitters are deactivated shortly after being discharged, this is done by “clean up: enzymes
they are also more commonly reused by a process called synaptic repute
different kinds of neuro transmitters

32
Q

chemical communications:lock and key model

A

proposes that:
transmitter molecules will affect the postsynaptic membranes if the molecules shape fits into certain synaptic receptor molecules

33
Q

chemical communications: posysynaptic transmission

A

depending on the type of receptor that is activated the attachment of the neurotransmitters either:
excites or inhibits
the generations of an action potential in the postsynaptic cell

34
Q

chemical communications; excitatory/inhibitory

A

the resulting chemical changes are graded and can be either excitatory or inhibitory
whether the neutron fires depends on the sum of these effects

35
Q

chemical communications: neurotransmitters and drugs

A

can impede or enhance the action of neurotransmitters

36
Q

Drugs: agonists

A

enhance efect of a neurotransmitter
can:
increase release of neurotransmitters, amphetamine doe this
block reputake of neurotransmitters this happens with prosaic and cocaine
can mimic specific neurotransmitters by binding to postsynaptic receptors and either activating them or increasing effects of neurotransmitters main effect of nicotine

37
Q

drugs:antagonist

A

impede effect of neurotransmitter
can:
block release of neurotransmitters, main effect of AMPT
destroy neurotransmitters in synapse,
mimic a spacific neurotransmitter binding to postsynaptic receptors enough to block any more neurotransmitter binding, main effect of propanelol (beta blocker) and halloo (antipsychotic drug)

38
Q

amphetamine

A 
agonist
increases the release of neurotransmitters
in particular:
dopamine 
neophhephrine
39
Q

cocaine and prosak

A

agonist

blocks repute of neurotransmitters

40
Q

nicotene

A

agonist
mimics spacific neurotransmitters and either:
activates them
or increases neurotransmitters effects

41
Q

AMPT

A

antagonist

blocks release of neurotransmitters

42
Q

propranalol and Hadol

A

mimic a spacifi neurotransmitter and bind to postsynaptic receptor enough to stop further binding

43
Q

neurotransmitters: seratonin

A 
usually inhibitory
involved in many mechanisms of:
sleep
arousal
aggression
mood
appetite
overproduction causes OCD
44
Q

: selective seratonin reuptake inhibitors

A

reduce uptake of the neurotransmitter from the synapse
prosak Zolott and Paxil:
increase serotonin turnover in brain and
find wide use as treatments for depression, obsessive compulsive disorder etc…

45
Q

neurotransmitters: GABA

A

gama-amibo butyric acid
most widely distributed inhibitory transmitter in central nervous system
implicated in anxiety disorders and depression

46
Q

alcohol and synapses

A 
alcholo has multiple effects on neutrons
italters:
 neutron  membranes
ion channels
receptors
enzymes
it bind directly to receptors for:
 acetylcholine
seratonin
GABA
glutamide
47
Q

alcohol and the GABA receptor

A

alcohol binds to GABAreceptors and amplifies the hyperpolarization effect of GABA
neutron activity is further diminished
this accounts for some of the sedative affects of alcohol

48
Q

hyperpolarization

A

occurs when the strength of an electric field across a cell membrane increases

49
Q

if the changes in the negative potential do not reach the -50mv action potential they are said to be…

A

graded potentials

50
Q

action potentials occur in…

A

axons
dendrites
cell bodies

51
Q

adrenal glands secrete hormones that regulate the …

A

metabollic processes

52
Q

the key mechanism of the action potential is…

A

the action of the sodium and potassium channels in the cell membrane

53
Q

when sodium ions flood into cell this is…

A

depolarisation

54
Q

overactivity of serotonin is ascociated with

A

obsessive compulsive disorder

55
Q

Sperrys ecperiment

A

selected participants who were right handed show localisation of the brain and that verbal abilities were located on the left hemisphere

56
Q

researchers use these kinds of brain damage to investigate the function of different areas of the brain

A 
degenerative disead
tumour
vascular
infectious disease
trauma
epilepsy
57
Q

the association cortex is involved in…

A

many important mental function such as: perception
langage
thought

58
Q

why researcher might use an EEG

A

to explore the possibility of abnormal activity within the brain

59
Q

amphetamine increases the activity of …

A

Dopamine

Noephephrine

60
Q

for a neuron to fire theorised must be…

A

+40 mv compared to the outside

61
Q

the brain is made up of…

A

fluid
fat
protein

62
Q

an inhibitory neurotransmitter causes…

A

negative chloride ions from the exterior to flow in

positive potasium ions t flow out of the neuron

63
Q

the neurotransmitter endorphin is the best known…

A

neuromodulator

64
Q

synaptic vesicles are…

A

chambers within the icon terminals where neurotransmitter molecules are stored

65
Q

example of a neuropsychological test

A

trail making test used to test memory and planning

66
Q

james olds 1953 study…

A

dopamine produced rewarding behaviour in rats

Psychology 1A (14 decks)

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