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Psychology 1A > brain learning and motivation: intro to biological psychology and the brain > Flashcards

brain learning and motivation: intro to biological psychology and the brain Flashcards

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1
Q

Descartes

A

philosopher and defender of dualism

proposed:are humans merely physical machines? physical things?
he answered nno with two arguments in favour of dualism

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2
Q

Descartes arguments for dualism

A

1 humans can do things machines could never do e.g. mechanical duck by Jacques de Vaucanson (1737) the duck mimicked eating and defecting but couldn’t decide what it ate but humans can

2 he used doubt and discovered people are not really sure of anything

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3
Q

dualsim

A

dualism is the theory that the mental and the physical—or mind and body or mind and brain—are, in some sense, radically different kinds of thing.

if you put your brain in soeone else’s body would it still b you

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4
Q

levels of analasys from molecules to memories

A

to understand who we are, we need to understand the mechanisms of our brains. Our consciousness cannot exist outside our brain. We are just a specific assembly of nerve cells and their associative compounds

we are the sum of our experiences and those are stored in a neural structure unique to each individual

said by crick THE ASTONISHING HYPOTHESIS (1994)

idea that the ind is what the brain does, this idea is favoured more by scientists than dualism

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5
Q

individual brain differences

A

allbrains have differences structurally even siblings

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6
Q

alziemers age and alcohol effects on the brain

A

people with theses have many large vacuoles in the brain and their braindoesnt quite fill the skull

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7
Q

biopsychological approach

A

human and non human subjects
Quasiexperimental research
case studies
pure and applied research

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8
Q

biopsychology: pisiological psychology

A

study of the neural mechanisms of behavior by manipula1ng the nervous systems of nonhuman animals in
controlled experiments.

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9
Q

psychopharmacology

A

study of drugs and their affect on brain and behaviour

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10
Q

Neuropsychology

A

study the psychological effects of brain damage in human pa1ents.

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11
Q

psychophisiology

A

study of the rela1on between physiological ac1vity and psychological processes in human subjects by non invasive physiological recording.

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12
Q

cognative neuroscience

A

study of the neural mechanisms of human cogni1on, largely through the use of func1onal brain imaging.

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13
Q

comparative psychology

A

study of the evolu1on, gene1cs and adap1veness of behavior largely through the use of the compara1ve
method.

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14
Q

physiological psycologists: researching memory would…

A

use hypocampal lesion patients such as HM

or make hypothetical lessons using techniques preciously discussed

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15
Q

psychopharmacologists: when studying memory would…

A

investigate Neurochemistry of Alzheimer’s disease – the

role of acetylcholine in memory

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16
Q

neuropsychologists: when studying memory would…

A

alcohol-produced brain damage: Korsakoff’s syndrome

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17
Q

phsychophysiologists: when studying memory would…

A

erp’s of familiar faces compared to unfamiliar faces

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18
Q

cognative neuroscientists: when studying memory would…

A

imaging successfully and unsuccessfully stored

informa1on

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19
Q

comparative psychologists: when studying memory would…

A

birds cache seeds- hippocampal size

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20
Q

cognitiave psychologists: when studying memory would…

A

investigate schemas and memory

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21
Q

socialpsychologists: when investigating memory would…

A

investigate stereotype threat and its effect on exam results

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22
Q

developmental psychologists: when investigating memory would…

A

investigat infantile amnesia

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23
Q

counselling psychologists: when investigating memory would..

A

investigate intrusively into traumatic memories and PTSD

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24
Q

applied psychologists: wen investigating memory would…

A

look a facial recognition and witnesses

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25
Q

invertaspectrum problem

A

woman sees red when man sees blue due to different pattern of neural firing so she has a different experience of these colours than him

…these differences are communicated through language

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26
Q

the astonishing hypothesis…

A

Our minds would not exist without neurones, their interac1ons, the chemicals that bind them together

proof:
there is strong evidence that the brain is involved in mental life

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27
Q

nervous system

A

divided into:
central nervous system
peripheral nervous system

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28
Q

central nervous system

A

made up of:
brain
spinal cord

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29
Q

periforal nervous system

A

everything outside brain and spinal cordmade up of:
somatic nervous system
autonomic nervous system

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30
Q

periforal nervous system: somatic nervous system

A 
control of getting messages to and from brain
includes:
skin
muscle
joints

made up of sensory and motor neurone signals

all send signals to spinal cord and brain
spinal cord and brain also send signals to these areas

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31
Q

periforal nervous system: autonomic nervous system

A

sends and receives information to and from
include:
Glands
internal organs
from brain and spinal cord and vice versa

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32
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of system that sends information is further divided into:
sympathetic nervous system
para-sympathetic nervous system
both maintain balance of homeostasis

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33
Q

autonomic nervous system: sympathetic nervous system

A

activates processes e.g. fight or flight response
sends signals to different parts of body

eg dialates pupil

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34
Q

autonomic nervous system: para-sympathetic nervous system

A

sends signals to different parts of body to calm down so opposite of sympathetic

eg constricts pupil

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35
Q

central nervous system: spinal cord

A

densely packed bundle of nerve fibres
relay station between body and brain
connects most parts of peripheral system with brain
control of fast reactions without conscious though
eg hand in fire
transfers information from and to sensory and motor neurons

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36
Q

structure of the brain

A

the brain is made up of 3 main sections:
the forebrain
the midbrain
the hindbrain

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37
Q

structure of the brain: the forebrain

A

where most of the thinking happens made up of:
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Cerebrum (including cerebral cortex on both hemispheres)
Limbic system
corpus callosm

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38
Q

structure of the brain: the hindbrain

A 
oldest part of the brain     made up of:
the cerebellum
Pons
Medulla Oblongata
...controld vital movements eg heart
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39
Q

structure of the brain: midbrain

A

relay station between spinal cord and brain

contains clusters of sensory and motor nerves relating to hind and for brain

40
Q

hindbrain: medulla oblongata

A 
control of:
breathing
heart beating
staying alive
unconscious movements
41
Q

hindbrain: pons

A

control of:
sleep
arousal
carries nerve impulses between higher and lower levels of system

42
Q

hindbrain: cerebellum

A

older part of brain
control of:
movement
co-ordination and complex movement

densely packed with neutrons and connections, densely folded structure
one of first places affected by alcohol

also plays a small role in learning and memory

43
Q

midbrain: Reticular formation

A

arts higher centres of the brain that messages are coming and either blocks or allows messages
also carries the information related to seep and arousal

44
Q

Forebrain: Cerebrum

A

considered most evolutionary advanced area of brain

made up of two large hemispheres that wrap around brain stem

45
Q

forebrain: the Thalamus

A

switchboard that organises sensory inputs and rooutes then to the appropriate areas of the brain
dense connection between Thalamus and amygdila

46
Q

amygdila

A

part of the brain that processes fear etc

47
Q

Thalamo-cortical projections

A

seem to be dysfunctional in patients with Schizofreenia which may explain problems in sensoty gating

48
Q

forgebrain: Hypothalamus

A 
plays a major role in motivation and emotion
controls hormonal secretions that regulate:
sexual behaviour
metabolism
reactions to stress
pleasure
pain
also regulates:
hunger
thirst
sleep
and also contains the superchiasmatic nucleus (SCN) circadian sleep and wake cycles
49
Q

forebrain: Limbic system

A

helps co-ordinate behaviour needed to satisfy emotional and motivational urges that arise in hypothalmus

controls emotion and motivation
involved in memory
contains hipocampus and amygdila

50
Q

Limbic system: Hipocampus

A

involved in forming and retrieving memories

51
Q

Lymbic system: Amygdila

A

organises emotional and motivational response patterns.,

aggression and fear processing

52
Q

structure nd function of cerebral cortex

A

makes up 80% of brain
but only 2-3mm thick
hence convoluted folded structure

53
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

sheet of grey unmyelinated cells
form outermost layers of human brain
folds allow for greater surface area
Fissures separate brain into 4 lobes

54
Q

Four lobes of brain

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

55
Q

Frontal lobe

A

thought
planning
movement

56
Q

Temporal lobe

A

hearing

memory

57
Q

occipital lobe

A

vision

58
Q

parietal lobe

A

touch

spatial relations

59
Q

Franz Gall

A

neuroanatomist
physiologist
pioneer in locating mental functions in the brain
developed Crainoscopy (renamed (Phrenology) to determine
to determine the personality and development of mental and moral faculties
on the basis of external shape of skull
doesn’t hold up to scientific scrutiny

60
Q

functional location of behaviour

A

Paul Broca (1824-1880)
studied damage to left side of frontal lobe
discovered brokers area after Ga;;

61
Q

Broca area

A

A brain area crucial for speech producFon through its connecFons with the motor cortex region

62
Q

Wernike area

A

A brain area adjacent to the auditory projecFon area, damage to which leads to deficits in understanding word meaning or speech comprehension

63
Q

Brocas Aphasia

A

The organisation of speech suffers. So while the ideas are all right, the fluency suffers

64
Q

Wernicke’s Aphasia

A

Fluency is intact, but the ability to speak meaningful words is disrupted.

65
Q

Latteralisation in the brain: Hemisphere asymmetry

A

two hemispheres
not all function is replicated in both e.g. Broca and Wince only occurs in left side
left hemisphere almost always larger than right

66
Q

right hemisphere

A

contains many long neural fibres that connect widely separate areas of the brain
dominant for spatial relationships
images from left side come here
negative emotions

67
Q

left hemisphere

A

contains shorter fibres with rich interconnections within a more limited area
dominant for language
images from right side come here
the interpreter strives to make sense of events

68
Q

splitting the brain…

A

…splits the conscious mind
two hemispheres connected by corpus colas (dense nerve fibres
severing corpus collasm produces split brain

69
Q

split brain patients

A

questions can be posed to one hemisphere but no to the other revealing specialisation of each

the spread of electrical activity from one hemisphere to another is reduced

70
Q

functional organisation of the cerebral cortex

A

spacific areas of brain correspond with specific senses
spacific regions of the cortex in these areas are responsible for specific body parts and corresponding senses
also:
contrlateral control
ascociation areas

71
Q

functional organisation of the cerebral cortex : contralateral control

A

left hemisphere controls right hand gf body and vice versa

72
Q

functional organisation of the cerebral cortex : ascociation areas

A

corFcal areas that are neither motor or sensory but are thought to be involved in higher processing of informaFon

73
Q

the cerebral cortex: primary somatosensory cortex

A

strip of cortex located at from of parietal lobe behind primary motor area in frontal lobe

is the primary projecFon area for bodily sensaFons, including touch, pain, and temperature

74
Q

the cerebral cortex: primary motor cortex

A

A strip of cortex located at the back of the frontal lobe just ahead of the primary sensory projection area in the parietal lobe.
This region is the primary projection area for muscular movements.

75
Q

parietal lobe: funtions and damage

A

organises visual and auditory space
end point of visual pathway telling us where things are located in space
detects moving objects in space
determines which part of space we pay attention to
damage here causes neglect symptoms

76
Q

temporal lobe: functions and

A

The lobe of the cortex lying below the temples in each cerebral hemisphere,
includes the:
primary auditory projection area,
Wernicke’s area,
subcorFcally, the amygdala and hippocampus.

77
Q

temporal lobe: damage

A

causes:
disturbance of visual and auditory and percepFon, impaired organization and categorization of verbal material, disturbance of language comprehension,
impaired long-term memory
Right side lesions can also effect recognition of visual content e.g. recall of faces

78
Q

Capgras delusion) damage to the temporal lobe

A

a Capgras delusion is a false belief that someone you know very well
has been replaced by an idenFcal duplicate.
• the paFent will say that the individual in quesFon may look and sound like the real person, and may be totally indisFnguishable from the real person, but the paFent will sFll claim that this is an imposter and not the real person.
• If the person calls the paFent on the phone, the paFent oZen can sFll recognize the voice as belonging to the “true” person!

79
Q

the frontal lobes

A

29% of human brain
least understood part of brain
damage can result in loss of intellectual abilities such as planning and carrying out action sequences
involved in emotional experience

80
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

seat of executive functions

81
Q

prefrontal cortex: executive functions

A

mental abilities that allow people to direct their behaviour in an adaptive fashion
• Goal selng, judgment, strategic planning, impulse control

82
Q

prefrontal cortex: damage

A

results in inability to understand and anticipate future consequences

83
Q

Phineas Gage (1848)

A

An accidental explosion blasted a one meter rod cleanly through his head.
• He lived for several years aZer the accident Phineas Gage suffered prefrontal cortex damage in an accident and underwent personality change.
problems in controlling emotions and impulsivity

84
Q

planning frontal lobes and response inhibition

A

to be rational we may have to inhibit some strong responses in ourselves

these responses may be strongly controlled by drives or aggression

85
Q

the arcuate fasciculus

A

The arcuate fasciculus (Latin, curved bundle) is a bundle of axons that forms part of the superior longitudinal fasciculus. The arcuate bidirectionally connects caudal temporal cortex and inferior parietal cortex to locations in the frontal lobe.[1][2]

86
Q

the brains core governs

A

basic physiological functioning

87
Q

endocrine system

A

through the use of hormones this system transmits messages from one area of the body t another

88
Q

black widow spider bite causes

A

caused by and overproduction of acetylcholline

89
Q

Alzheimers disease is caused by

A

an underproduction of Acetylcholline

90
Q

botulinu bacteria

A

acetyl cholline production is blocked resulting in a possibbly fatal paralasys

91
Q

psychoactive drugs

A

drugs that cause changes in consciousness emotions and behaviour

92
Q

neuropsyhological test

A

example of this is the Trail making test used to test memory and planning abilities

93
Q

the primary sensory area for vision lies at the rear of the…

A

occipital lobe

94
Q

the ways in which neural functioning can be restored after damage are…

A

neurogenesis

neural stem cells

95
Q

scientists use the following methods of destruction and stimulation to study brain

A

chemicals to destroy nervous tissue
surgically removing parts of brain
applying cold or heat to destroy nerve cells
destroying nervous tissue using electricity

96
Q

james olds 1955 study

A

identified dopamine as producing rewarding behaviours in rats

97
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

chambers within the axon terminals where transmitter molecules are stored

Psychology 1A (14 decks)

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