memory Flashcards
tommus
What is memory?
A classification of memory through time; long-term memory lasts longer than 24 hours
Memory is still not fully understood, especially short-term memory.
What are the types of memory?
- Sensory
- Short-term memory
- Long-term non-declarative
- Long-term declarative
Long-term non-declarative memory influences behavior without conscious awareness.
What is semantic memory?
Information about the world, not your own experience
You may forget where you learned it.
Give an example of non-declarative memory.
Classical conditioning
Give an example of declarative memory.
Semantic memory
What is episodic memory?
Memory of personal experiences, events, and specific times/places
Where in the brain would non-declarative memory be found?
- Basal ganglia
- Cerebellum
- Cortex
Where would declarative memory pathways be located?
- Neocortex
- Temporal lobe
What is procedural memory?
A type of long-term non-declarative memory that stores knowledge of how to perform tasks and motor skills
Describe the Atkinson and Shiffrin modal model of memory.
Information moves from sensory memory to short-term storage to long-term storage, with potential loss at any stage
What is the Baddeley and Hitch model?
Introduced the terms phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, with the Central Executive as the control center of working memory
What is the engram?
The hypothetical physical representation of a memory in the brain
Who was Henry Molaison (H.M.)?
A patient who had his hippocampus removed, leading to severe anterograde amnesia but intact short-term and procedural memory
What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
Integrates and processes information before sending it back to the cortex for memory storage
What is the Morris Water Maze?
A test showing deficits in learning and memory in animals with hippocampal lesions
What is the plasticity mechanism?
Neurons strengthen and connect, allowing neural networks to reorganize by forming new connections
What is long-term depression (LTD)?
A long-lasting decrease in the strength of synaptic connections due to weak or infrequent activation
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
A process where repeated stimulation of one neuron leads to a long-lasting increase in the strength of synaptic transmission
What are the types of LTP receptors?
- NMDA receptors
- AMPA receptors
What is neuroplasticity?
The ability of the nervous system to be modified after birth
What is memory consolidation?
The process of transforming short-term memories into long-term memories
What is Anisomycin?
A protein synthesis blocker
What does Hebb’s rule state?
Neurons that fire together wire together
What is fear conditioning?
A process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a fearful event
What is the significance of channelrhodopsins in neuroscience?
They allow for the control of neuronal activity by shining light on them
What was Mark Mayford’s contribution to memory research?
Investigated specific genes involved in memory processes using conditional knockout models
What is the construct of forgetting?
The brain’s decision on what to forget, often perceived negatively by humans
What is emotion?
An involuntary response to stimuli
What are the dual aspects of emotion?
- Expression Behavioral
- Physiological
- Experience
How do we differentiate between emotion and mood?
- Emotion: Immediate responses to specific objects/situations
- Mood: Long-lasting affective states with unclear origins
What are the neural systems of emotion?
- Corpus callosum
- Orbitofrontal cortex
- Hypothalamus
- Amygdala
- Cingulate gyrus
- Thalamus
- Hippocampus
What is Ekman’s theory of emotion?
Proposes basic emotions that exhibit distinct universal signs
What are the broad categories of emotion?
- Basic Emotions
- Complex Emotions
- Dimensional Theories of Emotion
Describe patient S.M.
Had bilateral amygdala atrophy, leading to an inability to recognize fear
What are Darwin’s principles of emotions?
- Principle of serviceable habits
- Principle of antithesis
- Principle of expressive habits
What is the emotion generation process?
- Physiological reaction
- Behavioral reaction
- Subjective feeling
What is the high road and low road approach in emotional responses?
The low road allows for faster emotional responses, while the high road involves cognitive interpretation
What does the Ochsner Cognitive Control Model describe?
How cognitive strategies regulate emotional responses through top-down control
What is the Amygdala anatomy?
- Major output region for emotional expression: central nucleus
- Major sensory input region: lateral nucleus
What is classical conditioning?
A learning process where a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a significant stimulus
What are neurodegenerative disorders?
Diseases of brain degeneration, e.g., Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease
What occurs in Alzheimer’s disease?
Severe atrophy of cerebral hemispheres, loss of neurons, neurofibrillary tangles, and amyloid plaques
What is associated with Parkinson’s disease?
Loss of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra
What are the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia?
- Positive: Delusions, hallucinations
- Negative: Reduced speech, flattened effect
How can we study brain disorders?
- Clinical profile
- Brain imaging
- Behavioral assessment
- Histology
- Cell culture
- Drug studies
- Controlled interventions
What is the treatment for Parkinson’s disease?
- L-DOPA
- Deep Brain Stimulation
- Stem Cell Therapies
- Optogenetics
What is the role of Rho GTPase in intellectual disabilities?
Necessary for dendritic spine formation and normal behavior
How does SARS-CoV-2 affect brain cells?
Can infect neurons, leading to neurological symptoms like brain fog and cognitive decline
