colm Cunningham immune

Question 1

what are the things that the immune system must fight against?

Answer 1

cancer, viruses and bacteria

Question 2

where do the immune cells begin?

Answer 2

bone marrow

Question 3

then where do they mature?

Answer 3

Thymus (T cells)

Question 4

how do they then travel around the body?

Answer 4

endothelium similar to blood vessels

Question 5

what are peyers patches

Answer 5

Peyer’s Patches are small clusters of lymphoid tissue (part of the immune system) found in the walls of the small intestine, mainly in the ileum (the last part of the small intestine).

Question 6

what are the innate immune cells?

Answer 6

Dendritic cells, neutrophil,Macrophage ,Natural killer cell,Eodsionphil ,Basophil

Question 7

what are the adaptive immunes cells?

Answer 7

B cell and T cells

Question 8

recently a new class of immune cells was found- what are they.

Answer 8

γδ T Cells (Gamma Delta T Cells) and NkT cells

Question 9

what do γδ T Cells (Gamma Delta T Cells) do?

Answer 9

Bridge innate and adaptive immunity

Question 10

what do the NkT cells do

Answer 10

NKT cells are a unique hybrid of T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells, playing a special role in the immune system. They act as a bridge between innate and adaptive immunity.

Question 11

there is a balence of the immune system what are they

Answer 11

immune over reaction, and immune under reaction

Question 12

an imunne over reaction - internal thereat examples

Answer 12

Lupus and Type 1 diabetes

Question 13

External threat immune over reaction

Answer 13

allergic responses eg asthema

Question 14

immune under reaction, disease examples

Answer 14

HIV

Question 15

immune under reaction infection

Answer 15

mold and fungus, parasites

Question 16

Homeostatic Inflammation

Answer 16

healthy state- Transient inflammation, progressive inflammation, pathogenic inflammation then disease.

Question 17

RNA viruses are recognised by what?

Answer 17

via nucleic acid
detection and drive Interferons

Question 18

viruses will always try to prevent and subvert- how do they do this?

Answer 18

by editing their structure- for example CovNSP15

Question 19

SARS-COV-1PLP

Answer 19

removes ubiquinone’s which mark the virus for degradation by the proteasome

Question 20

Viral Sepsis &
Systemic inflammation eg Infection of lung epithelium

Answer 20

Increased Vascular permeability
& local inflammation
Lung function & Hypoxemia
Acute anti-viral response
‘goes systemic’
Increased coagulation-(blood clotting throughout the body)
Microcirculation problems
brain tissue hypoxia

Question 21

the term going systemic means

Answer 21

This overwhelming response can cause systemic vasodilation, vascular leakage, and multi-organ dysfunction.

The immune system’s response “goes systemic”, causing widespread tissue damage, and hypoxia in various organs, not just the lungs.

Question 22

Autocrine signalling example

Answer 22

T cell cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2)-
This triggers IL-2 release by T cell
(an inter-leukin – between leukocytes)
This IL-2 binds T cell IL-2R (autocrine)
stimulates proliferation of this antigenspecific T cell clone

Question 23

Name the two process signalling -

Answer 23

Signal 1: TCR (T-cell Receptor) Recognition
The T-cell receptor (TCR) on the surface of a CD4+ T cell or CD8+ T cell recognizes and binds to the MHC-peptide complex on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell (APC).

signal 2: The second signal comes from a co-stimulatory interaction. In this case, the CD28 receptor on the T-cell binds to the B7 family of molecules (often CD80 or CD86) expressed on the APC. This provides the necessary second signal for full T-cell activation

Question 24

What is CTLA-4?

Answer 24

CTLA-4 (Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4) is a critical immune checkpoint molecule that plays an important role in regulating the immune response, particularly in T-cell activation. CTLA4/PD1
compete with
CD28 for B7

Question 25

what does illitimumab

Answer 25

blocks CTLA4 for immune response to proceed

Question 26

what is then the second checkpoint-

Answer 26

Nivolumab-blocks PD1

Question 27

inflammation and obesity-

Answer 27

fat tissue contains 50-60% macrophages and T-cells. - Macrophages in adipose tissue become pro-inflammatory, secreting cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, which contribute to systemic inflammation and impair insulin signaling, leading to insulin resistance.

Question 28

lean tissues do what? -

Answer 28

adipokines -leptin

Question 29

obese adipose tissue lets off what?

Answer 29

proinflammatory molecules -IL6 , NO

Question 30

Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT)

Answer 30

restricted and conserved CDR3 region,
non-MHC- restricted - They do not require the traditional antigen presentation by MHC molecules like conventional T cells, allowing them to respond more swiftly.
semi-invariant- alpha chains of all are identical
work to remove senescent cells- recognise lipid antigens

Question 31

what is the problem with obsesy-

Answer 31

iNKT Cells are Enriched in Visceral Fat But are Depleted in Obesity

Question 32

iNKT cells secrete what?

Answer 32

IL-10 is an anti-inflammatory cytokine that plays a crucial role in immune regulation. Here’s a breakdown of how iNKT cells producing IL-10 fits into their broader functions:

Question 33

a rare feature of INKT cells

Answer 33

they regulate metabolism and even help to keep us warm.

Question 34

the brain layers are in the order-

Answer 34

meninges-
Dura
Arachoid
subarachnoid space
Pia

Question 35

Microglia

Answer 35

are specialized immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS).

Question 36

what does the TREM2 pathway do?

Answer 36

TREM2 (Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 2) is a receptor that plays a crucial role in regulating the activity of microglia and other myeloid cells.