Memory Flashcards
What is encoding?
The process by which we get information into our brains.
What is automatic processing?
When we try to remember things that we put no effort into remembering.
What is effortful processing?
This is when we try to remember things that we put effort into remembering.
Is material better remembered when we make it less meaningful?
False.
What is semantic encoding?
When we encode words and their meaning.
What is visual encoding?
The encoding of images.
What is acoustic encoding?
The encoding of sound.
Which encoding is stored/ processed best?
Semantic encoding.
What is storage?
The creation of a permanent record of information.
What are the three distinct stages of memory? Give the amount of time they stay.
- Sensory memory (only a couple of seconds).
- Short-term memory (15 seconds, rehearsal moves information from short-term memory to long-term memory)
- Long-term memory (continuous storage of information)
What is semantic encoding of memory?
It is the idea that information is stored in a way that everything is connected in a network. When we access one part of the semantic memory, the others become partially activated.
What is explicit long-term memory?
These are things that we constantly try to remember.
What are the two kinds of explicit long-term memory?
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
What is episodic memory? (Explicit LTM)
Things that we have experienced personally.
What is semantic memory? (Explicit LTM)
These are facts and knowledge about the world.
What is implicit LTM?
These are long term memories that are not a part of out consciousness.
What are the three types of implicit LTM?
- Procedural
- Priming
- Emotional Conditioning
What is retrieval?
The act of getting information out of memory and into conscious awareness.
What is maintenance rehearsal?
This is the process of repeating information mentally out loud with the intention of keeping it in short term memory.
What is chunking?
The process of organizing information into smaller groups.
What are the steps of retrieving memory?
- Encode
- Stored
- Retrieved
What is elaborative encoding?
A way of processing information which makes it more meaningful. This makes it easier to remember.
What is the spacing effect?
Learning is better when it is spread out over a period of time.
What is context dependent learning?
The idea that retrieval is better when asked to recall when asked in the same environment where encoding occurred.
What is state-dependent learning?
Refers to the increase in retrieval when the the person is in the same psychological or physiological state as when the encoding occurred.
What is the serial position curve?
It is the curve that describes that retrieval is better with things that are taught at the beginning (primary effect) and at the end (recency effect).
What is retroactive interference?
When learning something new impairs our ability to remember earlier information.
What is proactive interference?
When prior information affects our ability to encode new information.
What are shcemas?
These are memory categories/ networks.
What is long-term potentaion?
The strengthening of neural links between neurons to improve memory.
What is amnesia?
Amnesia is a neurological disorder that impairs a persons ability to recall information.
What is retrograde amnesia?
Inability to recall events that happened before the accident.
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to transfer information from short term memory to long term memory. Impossible to learn new things. (damage to hippocampus, H.M.)
What is suggestibility?
Refers to the effect of misinformation from external sources that affects memory.
What is the false memory syndrome?
This is when people create entirely new memories. LOFTUS.
What is forgetting?
The loss of information from long-term memory.
What is heuristic?
A general problem solving network.
What is an algorithm?
Step-by-step rules on solving
What is trial and error?
This is when we continue trying different methods until one works.
What is a mental set?
This is when a person persists on a problem solving method that worked before but clearly wont work now.
What is confirmation bias?
A tendency to focus on information that reaffirms current beliefs.
What is anchoring bias?
Focusing on one thing while trying to solve a problem.
What is hindsight bias?
Believing something is predictable when it wasn’t. (coin example)
What is representative bias?
Stereotypes.
What is availability heuristic?
When we try to find solutions to a problem using the recent information that we learned that is available to us.
What is cognitive bias?
Errors in memory that are caused by inappropriate use of cognitive processes.
What is source monitoring?
The ability to correctly identify the source of a memory.
What is salience?
When certain stimuli grab our attention so they are more likely to be remembered.
What is representativeness bias?
When we make a judgement based on how well the event matches our expectations.
What is counterfactual thinking?
This is focusing on what could’ve been. 2nd place silver.
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