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Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

It is a neurological disorder that impairs a persons ability to perceive or recognize faces.

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2
Q

What is sensation?

A

Perception is the process of interpreting and organizing the incoming information in order that we can understand it and react accordingly.

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3
Q

What is perception?

A

Perception is the process of interpreting and organizing the incoming information in order that we can understand it and react accordingly.

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4
Q

What is the absolute threshold of sensation?

A

The minimum stimulation needed to register a particular stimulus 50% of the time.

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5
Q

What is the signal detection theory?

A

A model for predicting how and when a person will detect weak stimuli based on context.

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6
Q

What do rods do?

A

Rods detect grey scale and brightness.

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7
Q

What do cones do?

A

Cones detect color areas.

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8
Q

What is visual accommodation?

A

Visual accommodation is the process by which the curvature of the lens is adjusted so that the light can be focused on the retina. Rays from the top of the image strike the bottom of the retina and vice versa.

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9
Q

True or false:

The image that strikes our retina is 2d but we perceive it as 3d.

A

True

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10
Q

What is the order of the cells that receive visual information within the retina?

A
  • Rods and cones
  • Bipolar cells
  • Ganglion cells (Optical nerve)
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11
Q

How does visual information get transferred from the retina to the occipital lobe?

A

The ganglion cells (Optic nerve) will send information through the thalamus to the occipital lobe.

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12
Q

True or False:

Rods tend to work well with peripheral vision because they are located at the center of the retina.

A

False. The rods are located at the edges of the retina.

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13
Q

What is the fovea?

A

It is the central part of the retina and it is where our cones are located.

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14
Q

What causes us humans to have “blind spots”?

A

The lack of photoreceptor cells where the optic nerve leaves the retina causes blind spots.

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15
Q

What are feature detector neurons?

A

Feature detector neurons work with memory and experiences to determine/recognize what is in-front of us.

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16
Q

What is the name of the shade of a color?

A

Hue.

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17
Q

What is the trichromatic color theory?

A

The trichromatic color theory states that there are different cones for red, green, and blue in our eyes and the color we see depends on the signals we receive for each of the cones.

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18
Q

What is the opponent color theory?

A

The opponent color theory is similar to the trichromatic color theory but instead of just three colors it talks about three pairs of opposing colors. red-green, yellow-blue, white-black.

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19
Q

Explain the idea of gestalt.

A

The idea of gestalt is that we see more than what is actually there. Our brain fills in the gaps. “Whole is more than the sum of its parts”.

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20
Q

What is “Figure and ground” in perceiving form?

A

We structure input/ images so that we see them against a background.

21
Q

What is “similarity” in perceiving form?

A

Stimuli that are similar tend to be grouped together.

22
Q

What is “Proximity” in perceiving form?

A

We tend to group nearby figures together.

23
Q

What is “continuity” in perceiving form?

A

We tend to perceive stimuli in a smooth and continuous manner instead of a discontinuous manner.

24
Q

What is “closure” in perceiving form?

A

We tend to fill in gaps in an incomplete image to create a whole image. Remember the spike ball example.

25
Q

What is depth perception?

A

Depth perception is the ability to perceive three dimensional space and accurately judge distance.

26
Q

What are binocular depth cues?

A

Binocular depth cues are cues that are created due to retinal image disparity. (because of the gap between our eyes)

27
Q

Give one example of a binocular depth cue.

A

The convergence of our eyes to focus on something that is 50 feet or less away from us.

28
Q

What are monocular depth cues?

A

Monocular depth cues are like binocular depth cues but only require one eye.

29
Q

List some monocular depth cues.

A
  • Position = we tend to perceive things higher up in our FOV as further away.
  • Relative size = Smaller objects tend to be perceived as further away.
  • Linear perspective = parallel lines look like they converge at a distance.
  • Light and shadow = Closer objects are more well-lit with shadows at the bottom while further objects have shadows at the top.
  • Interposition = When one object overlaps another we tend to perceive it as being closer.
  • Aerial perspective = Objects that are hazy appear further away.
30
Q

What is the beta effect in perceiving motion?

A

The beta effect refers to the perception of motion when two images are placed next to each other in succession. Movie companies make use of this. The visual cortex fill the missing part of the motion so we perceive it as moving.

31
Q

What is the phi phenomenon in the perception of motion?

A

The phi phenomenon is the perception of motion due to the appearance and disappearance of objects. Motion is perceived as a function of size and brightness.

32
Q

The _________ is the brain pathway that enables us to identify the location and motion of an object.

A

Dorsal stream.

33
Q

You look up into the sky and see a single flock of birds flying south for the winter. That you perceive a single moving object illustrates the principle of:

A

Common fate.

34
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

The branch of psychology that studies the effect of physical stimuli on perceptions.

35
Q

What is the absolute threshold of sensation?

A

The absolute threshold of sensation is the minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimuli 50% of the time.

36
Q

What is signal detection analysis?

A

A technique used to determine the ability of the perceiver to separate between true signals and background signals.

37
Q

What is the difference threshold?

A

The change in stimulus that can barely be detected by an organism. Webers law states that this is heavily dependent on the original intensity of stimulus. 1 - 3 and 397 - 399.

38
Q

What are the two places before and after the absolute threshold of sensation?

A

After the absolute threshold of sensation there is only conscious perception. Before absolute threshold there is only subliminal stimuli. (subliminal advertising)

39
Q

What is blindsight?

A

When people are unable to consciously report on visual stimuli.

40
Q

What is transduction?

A

This is the conversion of detected stimuli into electrical impulses for the brain.

41
Q

True or False:

Sensation and stimuli work in a fluid and continuous process.

A

True

42
Q

What is top-down processing?

A

It is when previous experience is used to recognize stimuli. (perception)

43
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

This is when the organism becomes used to stimuli and sense it but do not perceive it. Inattentional blindness is when a person shuts off everything else to focus on one thing.

44
Q

What is an after image?

A

This is the continuation of a visual sensation after the stimuli has been removed.

45
Q

Why are we not aware of our blind spots?

A

Because our brain fills in the missing spots.

46
Q

What is sensory interaction?

A

The working together of many senses to create experience.

47
Q

What is the McGurk effect?

A

This is an error in sound that is caused when there is a difference between what a person is mouthing and what a person is actually saying.

48
Q

What is perceptual constancy?

A

The ability to perceive stimuli as constant even with changing sensation.

49
Q

When do illusions occur?

A

When our perceptual processes are fooled/ bamboozled.

Psychology (12 decks)

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