memory Flashcards
memory
way in which we record past events and knowledge
three things needed to happen for memory
acquisition, storage, retrieval
acquisition
we have to learn it the first time, even if you acquire it doesn’t mean you have it in your head
storage
hold onto it/store it (tip on your tongue is failure to retrieve it from storage
retrieval
be able to recount on it/go back and find it
sensory register
large capacity and short duration
demonstrated by Sperling’s partial report procedure
sperling’s partial report procedure
show participants a matrix of letters for 500 milliseconds, asked to report as many letters as they could, couldn’t tell how much they held since it was displaced by new information, came up by training them in advance by memorizing three tones of a bell (one tone per row), 500 milliseconds again and then tone, could recite it better when “chunked” into different rows, demonstrated that entire array was there but only for a really short time and only report part of it
echoic sensory register
duration for 1-3 seconds, hearing register
short term memory
small capacity of seven (give or take two)
duration of 15-30 seconds
keep things there longer by focusing attention on it or leaks away/bumped out
long term memory
large capacity
can’t fill up and keep things in there for years
dual track memory
implicit and explicit
implicit
non-declarative/unconscious
space, time, frequency
procedural
classical conditioning associations
procedural
things you know how to/your how-to memories (ex. riding a bike)
classical conditioning associations
learned taste aversions
can’t directly tap into but is just there
(ex. fear, reactions to all types of things due to past experiences)
explicit
declarative, conscious
semantic and episodic
semantic
memory for meaning
episodic
memories for events/experiences
recognition
recognizing the object
free recall
placing the object
primacy effect
remembering the first thing you did/the beginning
recency effect
remembering the last thing you did/the ending
false memory
put in word relate to other words, think you heard it
surprise effect
something stands out which makes you remember it (ex. artichoke in class example)
repetition effect
remembering something due to hearing it multiple times (ex. night in class example)
metamemory
knowing things about your memory/capabilities
strategies to get explicit information into memory
rehearsal (maintenance and elaborative)
organization
chunking
mnemonics
hierarchies
maintenance
simple, look at word, say its definition
not effective
elaborative
deep processing
linking it to things you already know in your memory
very effective
mnemonics
memory tricks that use rhymes or the first letter of every word in sentence to make a word to remember
how to study
repeatedly
more active thinking
personally meaningful material
mnemonics
retrieval clues
minimize interference
test yourself
deep processing
infantile amnesia
not pathological, just happens, don’t have memories since before 3 or 4 years of age
occurs (just ideas) due to language development (not based on semantic, they are visual, language dominants mind) and how live for babies is repetitive and safe, nothing to remember
source amnesia (misattribution)
we think we learn something in one place but then realize we learn it someplace else (package lost in house but was never actually there)
retrograde amnesia
don’t remember the past, loss of existing memories, if it comes back, it comes back in chronological order
anterograde amnesia
can’t create new memories
H.M. who could make new memories due to brain surgery to remove part of brain because of epilepsy
Clive the musician
effect declarative memory
proactive interference
old learning disrupts new learning
retroactive interference
new learning disrupts old learning
retrieval failure
tip-of-the-tongue phenomena, can be prevented by elaborative rehearsal
reconstructive memory with Liben and Signorella
showed pictures of traditional, non-traditional and neutral gender roles to children
established that children had gender role stereotypes due to them remembering the pictures with traditional and not non-traditional
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, brief visual memory lasting less then a second
which type of processing would best prepare you to recognize a word at a later time?
deep processing
what brain structure impacts explicit memory?
hippocampus
sleep supports what part of the memory process?
memory consolidation
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment/event
long-term potentiation (LTP)
rapid stimulation in neurons that increase firing potential; a basis for learning and remembering
what brain structure impacts flashbulb memories?
amygdala
what brain structure impacts implicit memory?
cerebellum
priming
the unconscious activation of particular associations in memory
encoding specificity principle
idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
