Development Across the Lifespan Flashcards

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1
Q

three types of development

A

physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional

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2
Q

prenatal development

A

ovulation is hidden for humans, formation of fetus, and promotes pair bonding

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3
Q

periods of prenatal development

A

germinal (zygote), embryonic, fetal

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4
Q

zygote stage

A

fertilized egg, no one knows they are pregnant at this stage; conception - 2 weeks

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5
Q

embryonic/embryo stage

A

when cells specialize in the direction where they will become (ex. skin, muscle), body develops quickly during this stage

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6
Q

fetal/fetus stage

A

8 weeks and on, period of growth as everything is mostly developed

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7
Q

at what age can a baby can survive in the NICU

A

21 weeks

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8
Q

teratogens

A

measles, toxins, drugs; something to harm the baby

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9
Q

Rubella

A

cause vision problems, heart abnormalities, or cognitive deficits

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10
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

damage to the brain, hydrocephalus; exposure to cat feces causes this

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11
Q

Herpes

A

chicken pox; can cause damage to the nervous system

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12
Q

DES impact on fetus

A

Prescribed to prevent spontaneous abortion by the body but instead caused cervical/testicular cancer in the children as well as malformed cervices (could rarely conceive)

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13
Q

Aspirin impact on fetus

A

associated with heart defects, blood thinner (dangerous for birth)

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14
Q

Caffeine impact on fetus

A

Embryos don’t have the ability to metabolize it so while mothers have it in their systems for 5-6 hours, embryos have it for days; causes faster heart rate, sleep disturbances

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15
Q

Cocaine impact on fetus

A

digestive system abnormalities, shorter gestation periods, risk for stroke

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16
Q

alcohol impact on fetus

A

fetal alcohol spectrum, damages every system it touches, smaller brain, changes in the face (wide eyes, flat face, tipped ears)

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17
Q

cigarettes impact on fetus

A

damages placenta and ability for oxygen exchange, short gestation period, risk for SIDS, prone to childhood cancers

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18
Q

two psychological approaches to birth

A

healthy normal event and medical problem

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19
Q

healthy normal event

A

something people have done for thousands of generations; smooth birth

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20
Q

medical problem

A

sickness or injury that must be treated at/during birth

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21
Q

obstetricians

A

common in America, surgically trained in a hospital, high intervention rate, not mother-centered

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22
Q

midwives

A

common in other cultures, low-risk, home birth, person/mother-centered approach

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23
Q

certified nurse midwives

A

hospital births, person-centered approach, low intervention rate but has access to surgery and drugs

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24
Q

infertility issues for safety of drugs

A

drugs that increase egg release at ovulation, cause reproductive cancers as well as more harm due to multiple babies per birth

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25
Q

infertility issues for high rate of multiple births

A

every additional fetus takes off 2 1/2 weeks of gestation, risks: underdeveloped lungs in premature births –> brain problems

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26
Q

how many births are twins

A

1 in 100

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27
Q

infertility issues for ethical issues

A

having more than one baby at once causes danger to all parties involved, feel as though the industry is preying on people due to spending money on IVF and not birth care

28
Q

psychologist who produced cupboard theories of attachment

A

freud

29
Q

Cupboard Theories of Attachment: Freud

A

babies attach to mothers since they feed them

30
Q

Cupboard Theories of Attachment: Behaviorism

A

goes hand in hand with freud; classical condition where baby is fed in a warm and safe state in which they remember which causes attachment

31
Q

harlow’s work with monkeys

A

showed primates need touch and comfort, craved a soft “mother” than the “mother” that had wires but also food

32
Q

container culture

A

babies don’t touch us when we carry them anymore

33
Q

kangaroo care

A

when premature babies are given the opportunity to be touched, mothers give them skin-to-skin contact which actually improved their condition

34
Q

paper and pencil tests

A

not effective as:
1. want to look like good parents, so they answer in ways that make them look so
2. Want to answer the right way
3. Parents aren’t the best observers of babies

35
Q

the stranger situation was produced by

A

ainsworth

36
Q

the stranger situation

A

developed attachment patterns, observed a baby in an environment where their parent left them and a stranger came in and repeated this process, observed social referencing

37
Q

social referencing

A

babies look to parents to see what they do is ok, can be used to parents when babies fall and parent’s reaction impacts babies’ behavior/their own reaction (ex. when a baby falls, if the parent isn’t sad the baby isn’t either)

38
Q

attachment patterns

A

secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized/disoriented

39
Q

secure

A

check in with their parent a lot, feel safe when they are around, most prominent type

40
Q

avoidant

A

disordered attachment, don’t show social referencing; daycare situation: child is more out of it when waiting for parents to get back, when they do they are fine

41
Q

resistant

A

hard to settle, resist attachment although they may want it and always seem stressed

42
Q

disorganized

A

predicts most problems in development, frozen posture

43
Q

Skeels: longitudinal study of early deprivation

A

tested baby IQ’s in orphanage, sent some with low IQ’s to adult facilities (thought they weren’t malleable), babies did better there as they had more attention than back at the orphanage

44
Q

spitz: “failure-to-thrive”

A

nothing physically wrong but missed social cues

45
Q

harlow’s work with monkeys caused babies to

A

rocking, self-harm, and disturbing behavior

46
Q

Piaget

A

father of cognitive development, studied babies and children his entire life

47
Q

assimilation

A

take the things we know and fit new things into what we know (ex. Knew what a cat was so thought everything with two eyes was a cat, had a blue ford so any blue cars were also fords)

48
Q

accommodation

A

if it won’t fit, we change what we know, reorganize thought structures (ex. Change your way of studying for quizzes)

49
Q

schemes

A

thought that underlies an action for babies, intuitive rather than logical

50
Q

operations

A

logical schemes and actions

51
Q

sensorimotor

A

birth-2 yrs; establish representation, egocentric

52
Q

preoperational

A

can’t do the three mountain tests or conservation, think intuitively

53
Q

concrete operational

A

can do the three mountain test and conservation, reason logically but not abstract

54
Q

formal operational

A

can reason abstractly

55
Q

freud phallic period

A

oedipus conflict (boys) and electra conflict (girls) about sexually attracted to opposite gender parent

56
Q

moral reasoning (piaget)

A

focused on outcome, not intention (cookie and breaking cups example)

57
Q

moral of reciprocity

A

understand intention, not sure that parents don’t know what they are thinking

58
Q

3 main levels of kohlberg’s stages

A

pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional

59
Q

punishment obedience orientation

A

behave morally only because you may get punished (go to jail)

60
Q

market place orientation

A

this for that (clean room for cookie), focus on outcome

61
Q

good boy/girl

A

concerned what others (especially parents) think

62
Q

social order

A

focuses on rules, very strict/no leeway

63
Q

social contract

A

focused on rules but more flexible

64
Q

universal ethical (principled)

A

internalize own set of beliefs

65
Q

pre-conventional

A

punishment obedience and market place orientation

66
Q

conventional

A

good boy/girl and social order

67
Q

post-conventional

A

social contract and universal ethical