Development Across the Lifespan Flashcards
three types of development
physical, cognitive, and socio-emotional
prenatal development
ovulation is hidden for humans, formation of fetus, and promotes pair bonding
periods of prenatal development
germinal (zygote), embryonic, fetal
zygote stage
fertilized egg, no one knows they are pregnant at this stage; conception - 2 weeks
embryonic/embryo stage
when cells specialize in the direction where they will become (ex. skin, muscle), body develops quickly during this stage
fetal/fetus stage
8 weeks and on, period of growth as everything is mostly developed
at what age can a baby can survive in the NICU
21 weeks
teratogens
measles, toxins, drugs; something to harm the baby
Rubella
cause vision problems, heart abnormalities, or cognitive deficits
Toxoplasmosis
damage to the brain, hydrocephalus; exposure to cat feces causes this
Herpes
chicken pox; can cause damage to the nervous system
DES impact on fetus
Prescribed to prevent spontaneous abortion by the body but instead caused cervical/testicular cancer in the children as well as malformed cervices (could rarely conceive)
Aspirin impact on fetus
associated with heart defects, blood thinner (dangerous for birth)
Caffeine impact on fetus
Embryos don’t have the ability to metabolize it so while mothers have it in their systems for 5-6 hours, embryos have it for days; causes faster heart rate, sleep disturbances
Cocaine impact on fetus
digestive system abnormalities, shorter gestation periods, risk for stroke
alcohol impact on fetus
fetal alcohol spectrum, damages every system it touches, smaller brain, changes in the face (wide eyes, flat face, tipped ears)
cigarettes impact on fetus
damages placenta and ability for oxygen exchange, short gestation period, risk for SIDS, prone to childhood cancers
two psychological approaches to birth
healthy normal event and medical problem
healthy normal event
something people have done for thousands of generations; smooth birth
medical problem
sickness or injury that must be treated at/during birth
obstetricians
common in America, surgically trained in a hospital, high intervention rate, not mother-centered
midwives
common in other cultures, low-risk, home birth, person/mother-centered approach
certified nurse midwives
hospital births, person-centered approach, low intervention rate but has access to surgery and drugs
infertility issues for safety of drugs
drugs that increase egg release at ovulation, cause reproductive cancers as well as more harm due to multiple babies per birth
infertility issues for high rate of multiple births
every additional fetus takes off 2 1/2 weeks of gestation, risks: underdeveloped lungs in premature births –> brain problems
how many births are twins
1 in 100
infertility issues for ethical issues
having more than one baby at once causes danger to all parties involved, feel as though the industry is preying on people due to spending money on IVF and not birth care
psychologist who produced cupboard theories of attachment
freud
Cupboard Theories of Attachment: Freud
babies attach to mothers since they feed them
Cupboard Theories of Attachment: Behaviorism
goes hand in hand with freud; classical condition where baby is fed in a warm and safe state in which they remember which causes attachment
harlow’s work with monkeys
showed primates need touch and comfort, craved a soft “mother” than the “mother” that had wires but also food
container culture
babies don’t touch us when we carry them anymore
kangaroo care
when premature babies are given the opportunity to be touched, mothers give them skin-to-skin contact which actually improved their condition
paper and pencil tests
not effective as:
1. want to look like good parents, so they answer in ways that make them look so
2. Want to answer the right way
3. Parents aren’t the best observers of babies
the stranger situation was produced by
ainsworth
the stranger situation
developed attachment patterns, observed a baby in an environment where their parent left them and a stranger came in and repeated this process, observed social referencing
social referencing
babies look to parents to see what they do is ok, can be used to parents when babies fall and parent’s reaction impacts babies’ behavior/their own reaction (ex. when a baby falls, if the parent isn’t sad the baby isn’t either)
attachment patterns
secure, avoidant, resistant, disorganized/disoriented
secure
check in with their parent a lot, feel safe when they are around, most prominent type
avoidant
disordered attachment, don’t show social referencing; daycare situation: child is more out of it when waiting for parents to get back, when they do they are fine
resistant
hard to settle, resist attachment although they may want it and always seem stressed
disorganized
predicts most problems in development, frozen posture
Skeels: longitudinal study of early deprivation
tested baby IQ’s in orphanage, sent some with low IQ’s to adult facilities (thought they weren’t malleable), babies did better there as they had more attention than back at the orphanage
spitz: “failure-to-thrive”
nothing physically wrong but missed social cues
harlow’s work with monkeys caused babies to
rocking, self-harm, and disturbing behavior
Piaget
father of cognitive development, studied babies and children his entire life
assimilation
take the things we know and fit new things into what we know (ex. Knew what a cat was so thought everything with two eyes was a cat, had a blue ford so any blue cars were also fords)
accommodation
if it won’t fit, we change what we know, reorganize thought structures (ex. Change your way of studying for quizzes)
schemes
thought that underlies an action for babies, intuitive rather than logical
operations
logical schemes and actions
sensorimotor
birth-2 yrs; establish representation, egocentric
preoperational
can’t do the three mountain tests or conservation, think intuitively
concrete operational
can do the three mountain test and conservation, reason logically but not abstract
formal operational
can reason abstractly
freud phallic period
oedipus conflict (boys) and electra conflict (girls) about sexually attracted to opposite gender parent
moral reasoning (piaget)
focused on outcome, not intention (cookie and breaking cups example)
moral of reciprocity
understand intention, not sure that parents don’t know what they are thinking
3 main levels of kohlberg’s stages
pre-conventional, conventional, post-conventional
punishment obedience orientation
behave morally only because you may get punished (go to jail)
market place orientation
this for that (clean room for cookie), focus on outcome
good boy/girl
concerned what others (especially parents) think
social order
focuses on rules, very strict/no leeway
social contract
focused on rules but more flexible
universal ethical (principled)
internalize own set of beliefs
pre-conventional
punishment obedience and market place orientation
conventional
good boy/girl and social order
post-conventional
social contract and universal ethical
