Body Rhythms and States of Consciousness Flashcards
can the body adjust to a nightshift?
no
how many hours of sleep should teens get?
8-10 hours
how many hours of sleep should adults get?
9 hours
nonsomaniacs
people who need less than 4-6 hours of sleep and can still functions
what happens during sleep for kids?
growth hormones are secreted
what are the 5 theories of why we dream?
freud wish-fulfillment, information processing, physiological function, activation synthesis, cognitive development
freud wish-fulfillment
expressing otherwise unacceptable feelings
information processing
help us sort out the day’s events
physiological function
help develop and preserve neural pathways
activation synthesis
REM triggers neural activity which produce random memories, our brain weaves these into stories
cognitive development
reflects our level of cognitive development, our knowledge and understanding
relaxed wakefulness
short brain waves, relaxed but still awake, high frequency alpha waves
stages of sleep (in order)
relaxed wakefulness
stage N1
stage N2
stage N3
back to N2
REM
stage N1
theta waves, higher but further apart, dream-like images but no dreaming during this stage
division of sleep throughout the night
N1 is 5%
N2 is 50%
N3 is 25%
Rem is 20%
stage N2
sleep spindles and K-complex, deeper sleep, most time spent here
stage N3
rolling delta waves, deeply asleep and harder to wake
how long does it take to get from relaxed wakefulness to N3?
30 minutes or more
REM or dreaming sleep
rising heart rate and rapid breathing, have dreams, when woken up during this stage you have the best chance of remembering your dreams
spend more time in ____ in the first half of the night, as sleep progresses you have more ______
deep sleep, REM sleep
circadian rhythm
set biological clock, every 24 hours
photoentrainment
setting the circadian clock, light hitting our eyes starts this process
melanopsin
ganglion cells contain this pigment in the eye that may be responsible for body rhythms
melatonin
secreted by pineal gland, rises during sleep and falls when in a lighted room awake
Ganglion cells activate _____ –> pineal gland secrets ______
melanopsin; melatonin
fatal familial insomnia
very rare, problem with the thalamus, have around 18 months to live, cannot fall asleep no matter what
go from irritable to anxious to immobile
confirms we need sleep
appetite in sleep deprivation
makes body store more fat, more disruptive sleep = heavier body weight
cognition in sleep deprivation
sleep deprived = worse balance/cognition
Rechtschaffen rats
kept rats awake while they balanced on a ball and fell into water when fell asleep, died after 2 weeks in these conditions
Czeisler studied first year medical students
30 hr shifts twice a week 1:5 make mistakes, 1:20 were fatal
why do drunk drivers take more lives than sleepy drivers (statistically)?
you can measure intoxication but not drowsiness
drowsy symptoms in a driver
less vigilant, heavy eyelids, cannot perform fast reflexes, yawning, daydreaming, poor recall of last few miles
drunk symptoms in a driver
eyesight, messes depth perception, impairs judgement, lowers inhibition and impulsive
how to fix drowsy driving
avoid alcohol, have someone else in car, make frequent stops, drink caffeine
how to not fix drowsy driving
toughing it out, turning up volume on radio, driving faster or slower, opening window
what did freud think of dreams?
served vital purpose to bring messages from the unconscious mind to conscious mind
latent
hidden content of dreams, freud believed this was the symbolism behind them
manifest
what the dream is about
how much of baby sleep is REM?
50%
sleep disorders are more common in ___
infants/children
why are children more scared of dreams?
they don’t understand that some dreams aren’t real
SIDS
sudden infant death syndrome: unexplained death of an infant under one year of age, most common cause of death in babies under one
peak incidence of SIDS is
3 months of age, during the night of cold-weather months
infants at higher risk for SIDS are
formula fed, sleep on stomach, smoking environment in and out of utero, poor prenatal care, male, premature and ones who sleep alone
causes of SIDS
mostly unknown but possibly because genetic vulnerability combined with environmental risk (nature/nurture)
why is sleep an evolutionary relic?
keep us safe from predators
____ get more sleep than ____
predators, prey
insomnia
most common sleep disorder, difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep
how to help insomnia
decrease screentime in evening and an hour before you sleep, meditation, avoid caffeine (especially in second half of day), regular exercise
narcolepsy
chronic, affects brains ability to control brain wake-sleep cycles. you feel rested when waking up but falls asleep during the day, can experience limp muscles and REM imaging
Obstructive sleep apnea
snoring is a sign, soft tissue in throat collapses which causes brain to send emergency signal, body goes into panic state to wake up. can lead to cardiac death and stroke. most common in middle-aged men and being overweight in chest and waist
types of parasomnias
sleepwalking, talking, night terrors
parasomnia
events that happen during sleep or waking up, run in families and more common in children
sleepwalking
most dangerous, not competent or aware of surroundings. caused by sleep deprivation and stress
night terrors
deep sleep in N3, severe nightmares where people don’t remember them while waking up with high heart and respiration rate
Ken parks
killed mother-in-law while sleepwalking and was acquitted of murder, sliced hand held his story true
lee and wilson experiment
on rats, showed rats brain during REM fired in the same place and at higher intensity when compared to them running a maze. showed sleep isn’t just house keeping and helps fix/store memories
meth
norepinephrine, dopamine
alcohol
GABA, glutamate
heroin
endorphin
cocaine
norep., epin., seratonin, dop.
nicotine
aceytlcholine
ecstasy
serotonin
