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BIO 110 > MEMBRANE TRANSPORT, CONNECTIVE AND EPITHELIAL TISSUE > Flashcards

MEMBRANE TRANSPORT, CONNECTIVE AND EPITHELIAL TISSUE Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Plasma membrane

A

-water loving heads face water, water hating tails face away from the water
-functions: barrier and maintains internal conditions of the cell, cell communication
-cell communication is important so they can work together towards a common goal
-cell communication happens through receptors and signalling molecules
-provides protection and support
-maintains internal conditions of the cell
-ensures cytosol remains inside the cell
-protect the cell from external environment
-supports cell structure
-communication with other cells
-Fluid mosaic model

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2
Q

Fluid mosaic model

A

-fluid: not solid or static, phospholipids are constantly moving around
-mosaic: made up of many different molecules, can be embedded or attached

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3
Q

Phospholipids

A

-form a bilayer
-2 parallel sheets
-due to hydrophilic heads (polar) and hydrophobic tails (nonpolar)

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4
Q

Cholesterol:

A

-structural integrity and regulates fluidity
-more cholesterol=less fluid
-maintains fluidity and stabilized the membrane
-randomly distributed

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5
Q

Glycolipids

A

-glyco: means carbohydrate
-lipid: means lipid or fat
-function: stabilize the cell membrane, forms bonds with water
-glycoproteins: carbohydrate and protein, part of the immune system, cell recognition

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6
Q

Proteins

A

-have many functions: binding sites, cell to cell interactions
-integral proteins and peripheral proteins

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7
Q

Integral

A

-permanently embedded
-spans the width of the membrane
-channel proteins
-extend through the lipid bilayer

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8
Q

Peripheral

A

-attached to the membrane
-communication enzymes
-loosely attached to other proteins of the membrane itself through hydrogen bonds
-help with transport

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9
Q

Selective permeability

A

-allows some substances to cross but not all
-gases and small, fat-soluble molecules can pass easily
-ions must pass through channel proteins
-cell can control flow of substances in and out of the cell

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10
Q

Transport Processes

A

-movement of substances across the plasma membrane

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11
Q

Passive Transport

A

-no energy input required
-molecules are moving from high concentration to low concentration

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12
Q

Simple diffusion

A

-unassisted diffusion across the plasma membrane
-small, nonpolar molecules
Example: O2, CO2, ethanol
-no transport protein is required
-things can diffuse through the plasma membrane but it happens very slowly
-substances moving across the cell membranes without energy input
-uses diffusion

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13
Q

Diffusion of water (=osmosis)

A

-movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane
-moves from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

-can also be through of as high “water concentration” to low “water concentration”

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14
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

-diffusion assisted by a carrier or channel protein
-small charged or polar molecules
-requires a transport protein
-things move through a plasma membrane faster with a transport protein (aquaporins used to move water)

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15
Q

Tonicity

A

-the ability of a solution to change the volume or pressure of a cell by osmosis
-relative term based on the solute concentration of the solution compared to the concentration within the cell
-the capacity of a solution to modify the volume of a cell

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16
Q

Isotonic

A

-solution has the same relative solute concentration

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17
Q

Hypertonic

A

-crenation is the shrivelling of the cell
-solution has higher solute concentration and a lower water concentration

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18
Q

Hypotonic

A

-hemolysis is when the cell bursts
-solution has lower solute concentration

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19
Q

Active transport

A

-requires energy
-low to high concentration
-movement of a solute from against its concentration gradient
-from low concentration to high concentration

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20
Q

Primary active trasnport – uses ATP

A

-uses ATP as energy
-Na+/K+ pump
-found in all cells
-transports 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ into the cell
-results on a low [Na+] and a high [K+] in the cell
-maintains the proper concentration of potassium ions K+ and sodium ions Na+ inside and outside of the cell

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21
Q

Secondary active transport – no ATP

A

-using something other than ATP as our energy source
-uses energy source other than ATP
-the energy of one substance moving downs its concentration gradient is used to pump another substance up its concentration gradient
Antiporters:
-two substances move in the opposite direction
Symporters:
-two substances move in the same direction

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22
Q

Tissues

A

-tight junctions
-gap junctions
-desmosomes
-4 types
1.epithelium
2.connective
3.muscular
4.nervous

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23
Q

Tight junctions

A

-creates leakproof seal
-seals off the intercellular space
-proteins in the plasma membrane form strands that bind the cells

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24
Q

Gap junctions

A

-composed of integral plasma membrane proteins called connexons
-functions as pores
-allow small substances (ex. Ions) to move between the cells

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25
Q

Desmosomes

A

-composed of proteins that bind neighbouring cells
-provides resistance to mechanical stress and structural integrity

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26
Q
  1. Epithelium
A

-form surface layers
-no blood vessels
-very tightly packed cells
-functions:
1. physical protection
-protect both internal and external surfaces
2. selective permeability
3. secretions
4. sensations
-innervated by sensory nerves to detect or respond to a stimulus
-all epithelia have a free apical surface and an attached basal surface
-the basal surface is attached to the basement membrane

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27
Q

Covering and lining according to shape

A

-squamous
-cuboidal
-columnar

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28
Q

Squamous

A

-flat and wide
-flattened nucleus

29
Q

Cuboidal

A

-as tall as they are wide
-spherical nucleus in the centre

30
Q

Columnar

A

-slender and taller than they are wide
-nucleus in basal region

31
Q

Covering and lining according to arrangement

A

-simple
- pseudostratified
-stratified

32
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

-A type of tissue that lines certain internal organs and makes and releases substances in the body, such as mucous, digestive juices, and other fluids.
-Glandular epithelium is commonly found in the breast, lung, stomach, colon, pancreas, prostate, uterus, and cervix.

33
Q
  1. Connective
A

-cells are sparse
-surrounded by an extracellular matrix made up of protein fibres and ground substance
-highly vascularized
-functions:
-supports and strengthens tissues
-protection and isolation
-binding tissues and organs
-store things
-determines regenerative capacity
-most diverse and abundant tissue in the body

34
Q

Cells of connective tissues

A

-fibroblasts
-chondrocytes
-adipocytes
-Osteocytes
-White blood cells

35
Q

Chondrocytes

A

-mature cartilage cells

36
Q

Fibroblasts

A

-most numerous
-secrete protein fibers

37
Q

Adipocytes

A

-stores fat

38
Q

Osteocytes

A

-mature bone cells
-make bone

39
Q

White blood cells

A

-found in blood

40
Q

Fibres of connective tissue

A

-collagen
-elastin
-reticular

41
Q

Collagen

A

-strong, resist pulling, not stiff
-tendons and ligaments

42
Q

Elastin

A

-strong but can stretch
-skin arteries and lungs

43
Q

Reticular

A

-supportive, mesh-like
-stroma of organs

44
Q

Types of mature connective tissue

A

-loose connective tissue
-dense connective tissue
-cartilage
-bone
-liquid

45
Q

Loose CT (connective tissue proper)

A

-contains fewer cells and protein fibres than dense connective tissue
-viscous ground substance
-well vascularized

46
Q

Types of loose connective tissue

A

-areolar
-adipose
-reticular

47
Q

Areolar

A

-structures: scattered fibroblasts; abundant viscous ground substance; many blood vessels
-function: strength, support, protection
-location: attach skin to underlying tissues; packing between muscles

48
Q

Adipose

A

-structure: closely packed adipocytes; many blood vessels
-function: energy storage, reduces heat loss, padding
-location: subcutaneous layer; surrounds organs

49
Q

Reticular

A

-structure: network of interlacing reticular fibres; viscous ground substance
-functions: provides supportive framework (stroma) to lymphatic organs
-location: spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow

50
Q

Dense CT (connective tissue proper)

A

-composed primarily of protein fibres
-limited ground substance
-collagen is the dominant fibre

51
Q

Types of dense connective tissue

A

-Dense irregular
-Dense regular
-Elastic

52
Q

Dense irregular

A

-structure: fibroblasts and collagen fibers randomly arranged
-function: provides strength from forces pulling in many directions
-location: fascia, periosteum, dermis of skin

53
Q

Dense regular

A

-structure: fibroblasts and collagen fibers regularly arranged in dense, parallel arrays; limited blood vessels
-function: attaches bone to bone and bone to muscle, provides strength from pulling along one axis
-location: tendons and ligaments

54
Q

Elastic

A

-structure: fibroblasts and freely branching elastic fibres
-function: allows stretching and recoil
-location: lung tissue, walls of elastic arteries

55
Q

Cartilage (supporting connective tissue)

A

-collagen and elastic fibres in a gel-like substance
-stronger and more resilient that previous categories
-poor blood supply-slow repair

56
Q

Types of cartilage

A

-Hyaline cartilage
-Fibrocartilage
-Elastic cartilage

57
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

-structure: chondrocytes with collagen fibres and gel-like substance
-function: provides smooth surface for joint movement
-location: ends of long bones, parts of ribs, nose, trachea

58
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

-structure: thick bundles of collagen fibres with chondrocytes
-function: provide strength; join structures; shock absorption
-location: intervertebral discs, menisci

59
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

-structure: chondrocytes with elastic fibres
-function: strength and elasticity
-location: epiglottis, external ear

60
Q

Bone (supporting connective tissue)

A

-connective tissue with a calcified extracellular matrix

61
Q

Liquid connective tissue

A

-blood and lymph
-atypical liquid connective tissues

62
Q
  1. Muscular
A

-used for movement
-cardiac: heart
-skeletal: movement of skeleton
-smooth: blood vessels and visceral

63
Q
  1. Nervous
A

-generate electrical signals for communication

64
Q

Epithelial membranes

A

-made of epithelium and connective tissue

65
Q

Types of epithelial membranes

A

-Mucous membranes
-Serous membranes
-Cutaneous membranes
-Synovial membranes

66
Q

Mucous membranes

A

-lines cavities that lead to the external environment
-ex. Digestive, respiratory, reproductive

67
Q

Serous membranes

A

-lines cavities that do not lead to the external environment
-ex. Around the lungs

68
Q

Cutaneous membranes

A

-skin
-epidermis and dermis

69
Q

Synovial membranes

A

-encloses joints
-reduce friction

BIO 110 (12 decks)

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