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BIO 110 > HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

ANATOMY

A

the study of structure and form

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2
Q

PHYSOIOLOGY

A

the study of function

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3
Q

METABOLISM

A

-the whole sum of reactions that occur throughout the body within each cell and that provide the body with energy
-this energy gets used for vital processes and the synthesis of new organic material.

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4
Q

CATABOLIC

A

-catabolic reactions break down larger molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins from ingested food, into their constituent smaller parts
-include the breakdown of ATP, which releases the energy needed for metabolic processes in all cells throughout the body

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5
Q

ANABOLIC

A

-anabolism is the process by which the body utilizes the energy released by catabolism to synthesize complex molecules
-these complex molecules are then utilized to form cellular structures that are formed from small and simple precursors that act as building blocks

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6
Q

TISSUES

A

-tissue is a group of cells that work together to perform a function
-4 types:
1.epithelium
2.connective tissue
3.muscle
4.nerves

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7
Q

EPITHELIUM

A

covers the body surface

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8
Q

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

connects, supports and protects

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9
Q

MUSCLE

A

move and generate heat

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10
Q

NERVES

A

carry information through the body

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11
Q

ORGANS

A

organs contain two or more tissue types

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12
Q

ORGAN SYSTEM

A

organ system is defined as multiple related organs with a common function

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13
Q

ORGANISM

A

organism is the highest level of organization, is a collection of organ systems making up an organism

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14
Q

ANATOMICAL POSITION

A

standing upright with feet parallel and flat on the floor, the upper limbs at the sides of the body, and palms facing forwards

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15
Q

SUPERIOR

A

closer to the head

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16
Q

INFERIOR

A

away from the head

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17
Q

ANTERIOR (ventral)

A

towards the front

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18
Q

POSTERIOR (dorsal)

A

towards the back

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19
Q

MEDIAL

A

towards the midline

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20
Q

LATERAL

A

away from the midline

21
Q

INTERMEDIATE

A

between medial and lateral, must be comparing three things to use this term

22
Q

PROXIMAL

A

nearest to the origin of a limb

23
Q

DISTAL

A

farther form the origin of a limb

24
Q

SUPERFICIAL

A

closer to outside, external to another structure

25
Q

DEEP

A

closer to inside, internal to another structure

26
Q

BODY PLANES

A

a slice or imaginary flat surface passing through the body to expose the internal anatomy

27
Q

MIDSAGITTAL

A

means equal, vertical plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

28
Q

SAGITTAL (OR PARASAGITTAL)

A

divides the structure into left and right at any number of sites, parallel to mid-sagittal

29
Q

TRANSVERSE (CROSS-SECTIONAL)

A

horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior

30
Q

CORONAL (FRONTAL)

A

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

31
Q

OBLIQUE

A

pass through structures at an angle, can be anywhere on the body

32
Q

POSTERIOR (DORSAL) CAVITY

A

-CRAINIAL CAVITY: formed by cranial bones, contains brain
-VERTEBRAL CANAL: formed by vertebral column, contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves

33
Q

VENTRAL CAVITY

A

Includes:
-thoracic cavity
-abdominopelvic

34
Q

THORACIC CAVITY

A

-MEDIASTINUM: central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs, extends from the sternum to vertebral column and from the first rib to diaphragm, contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and several large blood vessels
-PERICARDIAL: surrounds the heart, the serous membrane of the pericardial cavity is the pericardium
-PLEURAL: each surrounds the lung, the serous membrane of each pleural cavity is the pleura

35
Q

ABDOMINOPELVIC

A

-ABDOMINAL: contains stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and most of the large intestine, the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
-PELVIC: contains urinary bladder, portions of the large intestine, and internal organs of reproduction

36
Q

KNOW ALL OF THE REGIONS OF THE BODY SHOWN IN FIGURE 1.7 AND BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE THE RELATIVE DIRECTION OF THEM

A
37
Q

KNOW ALL OF THE REGIONS OF THE BODY SHOWN IN FIGURE 1.7 AND BE ABLE TO DESCRIBE THE RELATIVE DIRECTION OF THEM

A
38
Q

CYTOPLASM CONATINS

A

-cellular contents between the plasma membrane and nucleus
-made up of a gelatin-like fluid, organelles and structural fibers

39
Q

CYTOSOL

A

fluid (mostly water), organelles embedded in the cytosol

40
Q

CYTOSKELETON

A

-framework of proteins beneath the plasma membrane
-supports and organizes the cell
-Microfilaments: smallest, internal structure of plasma membrane, movement of organelles, vesicles and molecules
-Intermediate Filament: intermediate size, rigid rods to support and stabilize the cell
-Microtubule: largest, “railway tracks” for movement of the organelles and vesicles

41
Q

CILIA

A

-short, hair- like projections form the cell surface
-move fluids along the cell surface
-found in large numbers

42
Q

FLAGELLA

A

-longer projections
-move entire cell
-usually only one present

43
Q

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

A

-connected to nuclear envelope
-Rough ER: have some ribosomes, synthesize proteins
-Smooth ER: no ribosomes, synthesize fatty acids

44
Q

RIBOSOMES

A

-site of protein synthesis

45
Q

GOLGI COMPLEX/APPARATUS

A

-composed of elongated, flattened membranous sacs
-packs proteins for transport
-not attached to the nuclear envelope

46
Q

LYSOSOMES

A

-contains digestive enzymes
-breaks things up

47
Q

PEROXISOMES

A

-detoxify toxic substances
-abundant

48
Q

MITOCHONDRIA

A

-“Powerhouse” of the cell
-generates ATP

49
Q

NUCLEUS

A

-largest structure within the cell
-contains genetic information in the form of DNA
-DNA in molecules called chromosomes
-consist of a single DNA molecule and proteins

BIO 110 (12 decks)

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