AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

Question 1

ANS

Answer 1

-ANS usually operates without conscious control
-hypothalamus and brainstem regulate ANS reflexes

Question 2

Interceptors

Answer 2

-sensory receptors in blood vessels, organs, muscles and the nervous system monitors conditions in the internal environment

Question 3

Dual innervation

Answer 3

-organs receive both sympathetic and parasympathetic impulses
-usually antagonists

Question 4

Sympathetic division

Answer 4

-exercise, excitement and emergency
-functions to prepare the body for physical activity or a stressful situation
Thoracolumbar division

Question 5

Parasympathetic division

Answer 5

-helps the body relax and perform vital functions
-conserves energy and replenishes stores
-maintains homeostasis at rest
-“rest and digest”
Craniosacral division

Question 6

Ganglia

Answer 6

-clusters of cell bodies that result in an enlarged portion
-found in PNS
-called nuclei in the CNS

Question 7

In sympathetic = sympathetic trunk ganglia and prevertebral ganglia

Answer 7

Sympathetic trunk ganglion:
-along either side of the spinal cord
-innervate organs above the diaphragm
Prevertebral ganglia:
-anterior to the spinal cord
-innervate below the diaphragm
-celiac, mesenteric ganglions

Question 8

In parasympathetic = terminal ganglia

Answer 8

-located near target organs or within the wall of effector
-parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are long, postganglionic neurons are short

Question 9

Preganglionic neurons

Answer 9

-postganglionic neuron in unmyelinated
-can excite or inhibit effectors
-can release wither acetylcholine or norepinephrine

Question 10

Postganglionic neurons

Answer 10

Parasympathetic division:
-presynaptic neurons synapse with 4 or 5 post-synaptic neurons which supply a single visceral layer
Sympathetic division:
-terminate in several different visceral effectors
-response is widespread
-preganglionic neurons are highly branched
-may synapse with > 20 post-synaptic neurons

Question 11

Neurotransmitters

Answer 11

-Acetylcholine
-Norepinephrine

Question 12

Acetylcholine – detected by cholinergic receptors

Answer 12

-at all ganglia
-used in all of the synapse of the sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
-cholinergic receptors
-two subtypes:
1.Nicotine:
-found in ganglia
-Ach binding is always
excitatory
2.Muscarinic:
-found in synapses with the
effector organs in the
parasympathetic NS
-at all effectors in
parasympathetic and some
in sympathetic
-usually excitatory
sometimes inhibitory

Question 13

Norepinephrine – detected by adrenergic receptors

Answer 13

-at some effectors in sympathetic except sweat glands (Ach)
-androgenic
-excitatory or inhibitory

Question 14

Agonists

Answer 14

-substances that bind and activate a receptor
-ex. nicotine or muscarine

Question 15

Antagonist

Answer 15

-substances that bind and block a receptor
-ex. atrophine (blocks muscarine ACH receptors)

Question 16

SLUDD ACRONYM

Answer 16

acronym
-Salivation increases
-Lacrimation increases
-Urination increases
-Digestion increases
-Defecation increases
And decreases:
-rate and force and heartbeat
-airway size
-breathing rate

Question 17

Be able to compare the somatic and autonomic nervous systems in terms of control of motor output, motor neuron pathway, neurotransmitters used, and the effectors (see table 15.1).

Answer 17

Question 18

Be able to list the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions on the effector organs

Answer 18

COME UP WITH ANSWER

Question 19

Be able to differentiate between sympathetic and parasympathetic as in the following table:

Answer 19