AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON AND JOINTS Flashcards
1
Q
Long bone
A
-greater in length than in width
-ex. femur
2
Q
Short bone
A
-length equal to width
-cube shaped
-ex. cuneiforms
3
Q
Flat bone
A
-flat, thin surfaces
-ex. sternum
4
Q
Irregular bone
A
-complex shapes
-ex. vertebra
5
Q
Articulating surfaces
A
-between adjacent bones
-usually sooth
6
Q
Condyle (articulating surface)
A
-large, smooth rounded, oval structure
-articulating surface
7
Q
Facet (articulating surface)
A
-small, flat, shallow surface
-articulating surface
8
Q
Head (articulating surfaces)
A
-prominent, rounded epiphysis
-articulating surface
9
Q
Depressions
A
-indentations that support other structures
-space for a bony articulation, muscular structure or other body component
10
Q
Fossa (depression)
A
-flattened or shallow depression
-depression
11
Q
Alveolus (depression)
A
-deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible
-depression
12
Q
Sulcus (depression)
A
-narrow groove
-depression
13
Q
Projections
A
-attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments
14
Q
Crest (projection)
A
-narrow, prominent, ridgelike
-projection
15
Q
Epicondyle (projection)
A
-projection adjacent to a condyle
-projection
16
Q
Line (projection)
A
-low ridge
-projection
17
Q
Process (projection)
A
-any marked bony prominence
-projection
18
Q
Ramus (projection)
A
-angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure
-projection
19
Q
Spine (projection)
A
-pointed, slender process
-projection
20
Q
Trochanter (projection)
A
-massive, rough projection found only on the femur
-projection
21
Q
Tubercle (projection)
A
-small, round projection
-projection
22
Q
Tuberosity (projection)
A
-large, rough projection
-projection
23
Q
Openings
A
-passageway for blood vessels and nerves
24
Q
Canal (opening)
A
-passageway through a bone
-opening
25
Fissure (opening)
-narrow, stilt like opening through a bone
-opening
26
Foramen (opening)
-rounded passageway through a bone
-opening
27
Meatus (opening)
-passageway through a bone
-opening
28
Sinus (opening)
-cavity or hollow space in a bone
-opening
29
Vertebral column conditions
- Scoliosis
- Kyphosis
- Lordosis
30
Scoliosis
-lateral bending
31
Kyphosis
-hunchback
32
Lordosis
-swayback
33
Female pelvis
-rounder with more flared iliac crest
-wider pelvic openings
-pubic arch angle > 90 degrees
34
Male pelvis
-larger, heavier and more narrow
-smaller inlet and outlet
-public arch angle < 90 degrees
35
Axial skeleton (80 bones)
-consists of the bones that lie around the central axis of the body
36
Skull
-skull protects and supports the brain and special sense organs
-provides a framework for attachment of muscles:
-move parts of the head
-produce facial expressions
-provides support for the entrance to the digestive tract and respiratory system
37
Cranial bones (8)
-form the rounded cranium
-surround and enclose the brain
-Sphenoid (1)
-Parietal (2)
-Temporal (2)
-Occipital (1)
-Ethmoid (1)
-Frontal (1)
38
Facial bones (14)
-Mandible (1)
-Maxilla (2)
-Vomer (1)
-Nasal bones (2)
-Zygomatic bones (2)
-Lacrimal bones (2)
-Palatine bones (2)
-Inferior nasal conchae (2)
-Hyoid bone (1)
39
Auditory ossicles (6)
-Malleus (2)
-Incus (2)
-Stapes (2)
40
Hyoid (1)
-found at the front of neck
-inferior to skull between mandible and larynx
-supports the tongue and plays a key role in speaking and swallowing
-“floating” bone
-only one in the body
-not connected to another bone
41
Vertebral column (26)
-relative to the front of the body the cervical and lumbar curves are convex
-thoracic and sacral curves are concave
-helps to support the body better
42
Vertebra
-series of bones found in the spine
43
Body of vertebrae
-large round portion of the bone
44
Pedicle of vertebrae
-each vertebra has two cylinder-shaped projections of hard bone that stick out from the back part of the vertebral body, providing side projection for the spinal cord and nerves
45
Lamina of vertebrae
-the roof of the spinal canal that provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord
46
Processes of vertebrae
-Spinous processes:
-each vertebra has a single spinous process, centred posteriorly at the point of the arch
-Transverse processes:
-each vertebra has two transverse processes, which extend laterally and posteriorly from the vertebral body
-in the thoracic vertebra, the transverse processes articulate with the ribs
47
Vertebral foramen of vertebrae
-provides for the passage of the spinal cord and the meninges
48
Intervertebral foramen of vertebrae
-allows for nerves to exit the spinal cord
49
Intervertebral disc of vertebrae
-fibrocartilaginous disc found between the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae
50
Cervical vertebrae (7)
-C1-C7
-neck
51
Atlas (C1)
-supports the head
-no body and spinous process
52
Axis (C2)
-body of atlas fused to the body of axis
53
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
-T1-T12
-articulates with the ribs
54
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
-L1-L5
-supports the lower back
-bear most of the weight of trunk
-more stout
55
Sacrum
-S1-S5
-fused by mid-late 20’s
56
Coccyx
-Co1-Co4
-tailbone
-fused form puberty – mid 20’s
57
Ribs (24)
-12 pairs
-true ribs (7 pairs)
-false ribs (5 pairs)
58
True ribs (7 pairs)
-upper 7 rib pairs
-attach directly and individually to the sternum
59
Costal cartilage
-bars of hyaline cartilage that serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax
-only found at the anterior ends of the ribs, providing medial extension
60
False ribs (5 pairs
-bottom 5 pairs of ribs
-ribs 8-10 attach indirectly with the sternum
-elongated piece of costal cartilage
-ribs 11-12 do not attach
-floating ribs
61
Sternum (1)
-partially t-shaped vertical bone that forms the anterior portion of the chest wall centrally
-sternum is divided anatomically into three segments: manubrium, body, xiphoidal process
-connects the ribs via the costal cartilages forming the anterior rib cage
-consists of three parts
1. manubrium
2.body
3.xiphoid process
62
Manubrium
-most proximal and broadest part of the sternum and articulates laterally with the clavicles and first ribs, and distally with the body of the sternum via the manubriosternal joint
63
Xiphoid process
-lowest part of your sternum (distal end)
-pointed bottom of the sternum that’s in the center of your chest, where your ribcage connects to your sternum, right above you diaphragm
-connected to the rest pf your sternum by a symphysis
64
Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)
-consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs
-and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton
65
Shoulder girdle
-clavicle
-scapula
-humerus
66
Clavicle (2)
- collar bone
67
Acromial end of clavicle
-articulates with the acromion
68
Sternal end of clavicle
-articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
69
Scapula (2)
-shoulder blade
-includes:
-Spine
-Acromion
-Coracoid process
-Glenoid cavity
70
Spine of scapula
-ridge of the bone
-posterior aspect
71
Acromion of scapula
-articulates with the clavicle
72
Coracoid process of scapula
-muscle attachment
73
Glenoid cavity of scapula
-articulates with the humerus
74
Humerus (2)
-only bone in the arm
-part of the shoulder joint
-contains:
-Greater tubercle
-Lesser tubercle
-Lateral epicondyle
-Medial epicondyle
-Capitulum
-Trochlea
75
-Greater tubercle
-the large eminence found on the lateral aspect of the proximal end of the humerus
-provides attachment for three out of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, a muscle group that stabilizes the shoulder joint
76
Lesser tubercle
-more prominent than the greater tubercle
-it is situated in front, and is directed medialward and forward
-provides an insertion site for subscapularis muscle, and an attachment site for the transverse humeral ligament
77
Lateral epicondyle
-muscle attachment
-projections on the distal humerus
-bump on the outer side of the elbow
78
Medial epicondyle
-muscle attachment
-projection on the distal humerus
79
Capitulum
-lateral
-articulates with radius
-articulates with the cup shaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone
80
Trochlea
-medial
-articulates with ulna
-the medial of the two articular projections located at the distal end is the condyle of the humerus, the other being the capitulum
81
Forearm
consists of:
-radius
-ulna
82
Radius (2)
-located laterally in anatomical position
83
Ulna notch
-concave hollow located on the distal and medial surfaces of the body where the radius bone connects with the adjacent ulnar bone
84
Ulna (2)
-medial in anatomical position
85
Olecranon
-forms the posterior bump of the elbow
-part of the ulna
86
Radial notch
-the smooth, oval, articular indentation found along the lateral aspect of the coronoid process of ulna
-its anterior and posterior margins provide attachment sites for the annular ligament of the radius
87
Hand
contains::
-Carpals (16)
-Metacarpals (10)
-Phalanges (28)
88
Carpals (16)
-wrist
-2x8 for both sides added together
89
Metacarpals (10)
-palm
-2x5 for both sides added together
90
Phalanges (28)
-fingers
-2x14 for both sides added together
Include
-Proximal phalanges (10)
-Middle phalanges (8)
-Distal phalanges (10)
91
Proximal phalanges (10)
-closest to the hand
92
Middle phalanges (8)
-bone located between the first joint and the centre knuckle
93
Distal phalanges (10)
-the distal or third of the three bones in each finger when counting from the hand to the tip of the finger
-thumb only has proximal and distal
94
Lower limb
divided into:
-gluteal region
-thigh
-leg
-foot
95
Gluteal region
-iliac crest to hip joint
Include
-pelvic girdle
-ilium
-ischium
-pubis
-acetabulum
-false pelvis
-true pelvis
96
Pelvic girdle
Includes:
-Ox coxae (2) composed of
-ilium
-ischium
-pubis
97
Ox coxae (2)
-hip bone
-2make up the pelvic girdle
-articulates with trunk and point of attachment for lower limbs
-composed of: ilium, ischium, pubis
-pubic symphysis and sacrum join the 3 bones
97
Ilium
-superior region
Includes:
-acetabulum
-greater sciatic notch
-iliac crest
98
Greater sciatic notch
-sciatic nerve extends through
98
Acetabulum
-articulates with the femur
-ilium, ischium and pubis contribute a portion
99
Iliac crest
-superior most ridge
100
Ischium
-inferior to ilium
Includes:
-Ischial tuberosity
101
Ischial tuberosity
-sitz bones
-prominent feature
102
Pubis
-anterior and inferior part of hip bone
-has superior and inferior rami and body
Includes
-Superior ramus
-Inferior ramus
103
Superior ramus
-the superiorly located, bony bar that projects from the superolateral aspect of the body pubis
104
Inferior ramus
-the inferiorly located, flat bony bar that projects from the inferolateral aspect of the body of pubis
105
Public symphysis
-symphyseal surface of both pubic bones
-symphyseal definition: relating to a symphysis, a place where two bones are directly joined together by cartilage
106
False pelvis
-lies above the pelvic brim
-forms the inferior region of the abdominal cavity
107
True pelvis
-bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim
-encloses the pelvic cavity
-contains the pelvic organs
108
Thigh
Includes:
-femur
109
Femur (2)
-longest, heaviest and strongest bone
-head articulates with the acetabulum
Include:
-medial epicondyle
-lateral epicondyle
-greater trochanter
-lesser trochanter
110
Medial epicondyles
-articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint
-articulates with the patella
-kneecap
-tracks between the condyles of the femur
-a bony protrusion, located on the medial side of the femur at its distal end
111
Lateral epicondyles
-articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint
-articulates with the patella
-kneecap
-tracks between the condyles of the femur
-smaller and less prominent than the medial epicondyle
112
Greater trochanter
-projection for large muscle attachment
-part you can feel as the outermost bit of the hip that you lie on
113
Lesser trochanter
-projection for large muscle attachment
-inside the groin
114
Patella (2)
-kneecap
-protects joints
-helps muscles, tendons and ligaments work correctly, as well as helps you move your knee
115
Leg
Includes:
-tibia
-fibula
116
Tibia (2)
-medial
-largest of the leg bones
-weight-bearing
Include:
-lateral condyles
-medial condyles
117
Lateral condyles
-forms the outer portion of the expanded upper part of the tibia
118
Medial condyles
-medially located, round, articular eminence found on the proximal end of the tibia
119
Fibula (2)
-lateral
-smaller
-muscle attachment
Includes:
-Lateral malleolus
120
Lateral malleolus
-located on the end of the fibula
-the name given to the bone on the outside of the ankle joint
121
Foot
Includes
-Tarsals (14)
-Metatarsals (10)
-Phalanges (28)
122
Tarsals (14)
-ankle
-2x7 for both sides added together
Include:
-Talus
-Calcaneus
123
-Talus
-small bone in your ankle
-second biggest bine in the back of foot
124
Calcaneus
-heel
-large string bone that forms the back of the foot and transfers most of the body weight from the lower extremity to the ground
125
Metatarsals (10)
-sole
-2x5 for both sides added together
126
Phalanges
-toes
-2x14 for both sides added together
Include:
-Proximal phalanges (10)
-Middle phalanges (8)
-Distal phalanges (10)
127
Proximal phalanges (10)
-the toe bone that is closest to the metatarsals
-longest of the toes bones
128
Middle phalanges (8)
-some of the smaller long bones that form the toes of the feet
-positioned between the distal phalanges (which are the tips of the toes) and the proximal phalanges (which are the ones that are nearest to the foot itself)
129
Distal phalanges (10)
-at the end of each toe
129
Structural classification of joints
-based on anatomy
Include:
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial
130
Fibrous joints
-bones held together by dense regular connective tissue
-lack cartilage and synovial cavity
-usually synarthroses (sometimes amphiarthroses)
-primary function to hold together 2 bones
-3 types:
1. suture
2. syndesmoses
3. gomphoses
131
Fibrous suture
-synarthroses
-in skull
132
Fibrous syndesmoses
-greater distance between bones
-more connective tissue than sutures
-allows for slight movement
-amphiarthroses
133
Fibrous gromphoses
-teeth in sockets of mandible and maxilla
-immobile
-synarthroses
134
Cartilaginous joints
-help together by cartilage
-consist of a bar of cartilage between bones
-provides little to no movement
-synarthroses or amphiarthroses
135
Synovial joints
-have a synovial cavity
-ligaments hold bones together to form a synovial cavity
-freely moveable joint
-diarthroses
-two-layered capsule encloses the synovial cavity
Includes:
-fibrous layer
-synovial membrane
-synovial fluid
136
Synovial joints fibrous layer
-outer layer
-dense connective tissue
-strengthens the joint
137
Synovial membrane
-inner layer
-specialized type of connective tissue
138
Synovial fluid
-secreted by the specialized connective tissue inside the synovial membrane
-function:
-reduces friction
-lubricates the joint
-absorbs shock
-supplies O2 and nutrients to cartilage and removes CO2 and waste
139
Accessory structures to synovial joints
-ligaments
-menisci
-bursae
140
Ligaments
-bands of dense regular connective tissue
-joins bone to bone
-stabilize, strengthen and reinforce the joint
141
Menisci
-pads of dense fibrocartilage
-between articular surfaces
-provides strength, allow bones of different shapes to fit together
-shock absorption and more even weight distribution
142
Bursae
-fluid filled structures
-minimize friction
143
Functional classification of joints
-based on degree of movement they permit
-synarthroses
-amphiarthroses
-diarthroses
-ligaments
-bursae
-menisci
144
Synarthroses
-immovable joints
145
Amphiarthroses
-slightly moveable joints
146
Diarthroses
-freely moveable joints
147
Ligaments
-bands of dense regular connective tissue
-joins bone to bone
-stabilize, strengthen and reinforce the joint
148
Bursae
-fluid filled structures
-minimize friction
149
Menisci
-pads of dense fibrocartilage
-between articular surfaces
-provides strength, allow bones of different shapes to fit together
-shock absorption and more even weight distribution
150
Types of synovial joints
-planar
-hinge
-pivot
-condyloid
-saddle
-ball-and-socket
151
Planar synovial joint
-flat bones sliding
-between carpals and tarsals
152
Hinge synovial joint
-like a hinged door
-elbow with humerus and ulna
153
Pivot synovial joint
-rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone
-C1 + C2 of the spine
154
Condyloid synovial joint
-convex, oval shaped
-radius and carpals
-metacarpals-phalangeal
155
Saddle synovial joint
-like a rider in a saddle
156
Ball-and-socket synovial joint
-spherical articulating head of one bone fits in the rounded socket of another bone
-ex. shoulder joint
157
Range of Motion
-refers to the range (degrees of s circle) through which the bones of a joint can be moved
-factors that influence ROM:
-structure or shape of articulating bones
-determines how closely they fit together
-strength and tension of the muscles and joint ligaments
-restrict or permit certain positions
-hormones:
-relaxin increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and loosens ligaments between sacrum and hip toward end of pregnancy
-disuse:
-movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an extended period
-accumulation of synovial fluid
-muscular atrophy
-the more mobility a joint has the less stable it is
-the less mobile the joint the more stable it is
158
Joint movements
-4 main joint movements:
1. gliding movements
2. angular movements
3. rotation
4. special movements
159
Gliding joint movement
-simple back-and-forth and side-to-side movements
-usually occurs along planar joints
-occurs between the carpals, articular processes of the vertebrae and tarsals
160
Angular joint movement
-increases or decreases the angle between articulating bones
Includes:
-Flexion
-Extension
-Abduction
-Adduction
-Circumduction
161
Flexion
-decrease the angle
162
Extension
-increases the angle
163
Abduction
-movement away from the midline
164
Adduction
-movement toward the midline
165
Circumduction
-movement in a circle
166
Rotation joint movement
-bone revolves around its own axis
-lateral rotation:
-external rotation
-limb rotates away from the midline
-medial rotation:
-internal rotation
-limb rotates toward the midline
Includes:
-supination
-pronation
167
Supination
- movement of the forearm so the palm is upward
-lateral rotation
168
Pronation
-movement of the forearm so the palm is downwards
-medial rotation
169
Special movements
-Elevation
-Depression
-Protraction
-Retraction
-Inversion
-Eversion
-Dorsiflexion
-Plantar flexion
-Opposition
170
Elevation
-upward movement of a body part
171
Depression
-downward movement
172
Protraction
-movement anteriorly
173
Retraction
-movement back to normal
174
Inversion
-movement of the sole of the foot medially
175
Eversion
-movement of the sole of the foot laterally
176
Dorsiflexion
-bending of the foot at the ankle in an upward direction
-in direction of dorsum
177
Plantar flexion
-bending of the foot at the ankle in downward direction
-toward the plantar surface
178
Opposition
-movement of thumb to touch other fingers on the same hand
179
Axial Skeleton Joints
- Atlanto-occipital
- Atlanto-axial
- Intervertebral
- Vertebrocostal
- Sternocostal
- Lumbosacral
180
Atlanto-occipital
-superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone
181
Atlanto-axial
-anterior arch of atlas and dens of axis
182
Intervertebral
-vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae
-superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
183
Vertebrocostal
-facets of heads of ribs and bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae
-articular part of tubercles of ribs and facets of transverse processes of thoracic vertebra
184
Sternocostal
-sternum and first seven pairs of ribs
185
Lumbosacral
-body of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the base of the sacrum
-inferior articular facets of fifth lumbar vertebra and superior articular facets of first sacral vertebra
186
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb Joints
- Sternoclavicular
- Acromioclavicular
- Radioulnar
- Wrist
- Intercarpal
- Carpometacarpal
- Metacarpophalangeal (MP joints, “knuckles”)
- Interphalangeal (IP joints)
187
Sternoclavicular
-manubrium of sternum and sternal end of clavicle
188
Acromioclavicular
-acromion of scapula and acromial end of clavicle
189
- Radioulnar
-proximal joint:
-head of radius and radial notch of ulna
-distal joint:
-distal end of ulna and ulnar notch of radius
190
Wrist
-distal end of the radius, scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum
191
Intercarpal
-adjacent carpal bones
192
Carpometacarpal
-thumb:
-trapezium and first metacarpal
-other digits:
-carpals and metacarpals II-V
193
Metacarpophalangeal (MP joints, “knuckles”)
-heads of metacarpals and bases of proximal phalanges
194
Interphalangeal (IP joints)
-heads of proximal and middle phalanges with bases of middle and distal phalanges, respectively
195
Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Joints
- Sacroiliac
- Pubic symphysis
- Tibiofibular
- Ankle
- Intertarsal
- Tarsometatarsal
196
Sacroiliac
-auricular surfaces of sacrum and ilium
197
Pubic symphysis
-symphyseal surface of both pubic bones
198
Tibiofibular
-superior joint:
-head od fibula and lateral condyle for tibia
-inferior joint:
-distal end of fibula and fibular notch of tibia
199
Ankle
-distal end of tibia and medial malleolus of tibia with talus
-lateral malleolus of fibula and talus
200
Intertarsal
-between the tarsal bones
201
Tarsometatarsal
-three cuneiforms and cuboid (tarsals) and bases of five metatarsals
202
Synovial joints and Levers
- Effort
-Effort arm
- Resistance
-Resistance arm
- Fulcrum
203
Fulcrum
-the fixed point in a lever
-joints function as the fulcrum
-fulcrum is acted on by two different forces:
-effort
-resistance
-the location of the fulcrum and load determines whether the lever is at a mechanical advantage or disadvantage
-if load is close to the fulcrum and effort is far you only need a small amount of effort
-mechanical advantage
204
First class levers
-fulcrum between the effort and the resistance
-ex. atlanto-occiptial joint of the neck
204
Third class levers
-effort is between the fulcrum and the load
-most common lever in the body
-always produces a mechanical disadvantage but allows for large range of motion
204
Second class levers
-resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort
-always provides a mechanical advantage in producing force
-sacrifices speed and range of motion for force
205
Temporomandibular joint
Articulation components:
-head of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone
-head of mandible and articular tubercle of temporal bone
Structural classification:
-synovial (hinge, plane) joints
Functional classification:
-diarthrosis
Description of movement:
-depression, elevation, lateral displacement, protraction, retraction, slight rotation of mandible
206
Glenohumeral joint
Articulation components:
-glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus
Structural classification:
-synovial (ball-and-socket)
Functional structure:
-diarthrosis
Description of movement:
-abduction, adduction, circumduction, flexion, extension, lateral rotation, and medial rotation of arm
207
Elbow joint
Articulation components:
-humeroulnar joint:
-trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
-humeroradial joint:
-capitulum of humerus and head of radius
Structural classification:
-synovial (hinge)
Functional classification:
-diarthrosis
Description of movement:
-flexion and extension of forearm
208
Hip (coxal) joint
Articulation components:
-head of femur and acetabulum of ox coxae
Structural classification:
-synovial (ball-and-socket)
Functional classification:
-diarthrosis
Description of movement:
-flexion, extension abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial ad lateral rotation of thigh
209
Knee joint
Articulation components:
-tibiofemoral joint:
-medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of tibia
-patellofemoral joint:
-patella and patellar surface of femur
Structural classification:
-synovial (hinge) at tibiofemoral joint, both synovial (hinge) and synovial (plane) at patellofemoral joint
Functional classification:
-diarthrosis
Description of movement:
-flexion, extension, lateral ration of leg in flexed position, slight medial rotation
210
Types of arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Gouty arthritis
-Ankylosing spondylitis
211
Osteoarthritis
-most common
-wear-and-tear
-repeated use wears down articular cartilage
-results in bone rubbing against bone
212
Rheumatoid arthritis
-auto immune disorder
-immune system attacks its own joint tissue
213
Gouty arthritis
-“gout”
-uric acid buildup in the blood, synovial fluid and synovial membranes
214
Ankylosing spondylitis
-inflammatory
