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BIO 110 > AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON AND JOINTS > Flashcards

AXIAL AND APPENDICULAR SKELETON AND JOINTS Flashcards

1
Q

Long bone

A

-greater in length than in width
-ex. femur

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2
Q

Short bone

A

-length equal to width
-cube shaped
-ex. cuneiforms

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3
Q

Flat bone

A

-flat, thin surfaces
-ex. sternum

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4
Q

Irregular bone

A

-complex shapes
-ex. vertebra

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5
Q

Articulating surfaces

A

-between adjacent bones
-usually sooth

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6
Q

Condyle (articulating surface)

A

-large, smooth rounded, oval structure
-articulating surface

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7
Q

Facet (articulating surface)

A

-small, flat, shallow surface
-articulating surface

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8
Q

Head (articulating surfaces)

A

-prominent, rounded epiphysis
-articulating surface

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9
Q

Depressions

A

-indentations that support other structures
-space for a bony articulation, muscular structure or other body component

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10
Q

Fossa (depression)

A

-flattened or shallow depression
-depression

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11
Q

Alveolus (depression)

A

-deep pit or socket in the maxillae or mandible
-depression

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12
Q

Sulcus (depression)

A

-narrow groove
-depression

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13
Q

Projections

A

-attachment for muscles, tendons and ligaments

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14
Q

Crest (projection)

A

-narrow, prominent, ridgelike
-projection

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15
Q

Epicondyle (projection)

A

-projection adjacent to a condyle
-projection

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16
Q

Line (projection)

A

-low ridge
-projection

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17
Q

Process (projection)

A

-any marked bony prominence
-projection

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18
Q

Ramus (projection)

A

-angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure
-projection

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19
Q

Spine (projection)

A

-pointed, slender process
-projection

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20
Q

Trochanter (projection)

A

-massive, rough projection found only on the femur
-projection

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21
Q

Tubercle (projection)

A

-small, round projection
-projection

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22
Q

Tuberosity (projection)

A

-large, rough projection
-projection

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23
Q

Openings

A

-passageway for blood vessels and nerves

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24
Q

Canal (opening)

A

-passageway through a bone
-opening

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25
Q

Fissure (opening)

A

-narrow, stilt like opening through a bone
-opening

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26
Q

Foramen (opening)

A

-rounded passageway through a bone
-opening

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27
Q

Meatus (opening)

A

-passageway through a bone
-opening

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28
Q

Sinus (opening)

A

-cavity or hollow space in a bone
-opening

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29
Q

Vertebral column conditions

A
  • Scoliosis
  • Kyphosis
  • Lordosis
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30
Q

Scoliosis

A

-lateral bending

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31
Q

Kyphosis

A

-hunchback

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32
Q

Lordosis

A

-swayback

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33
Q

Female pelvis

A

-rounder with more flared iliac crest
-wider pelvic openings
-pubic arch angle > 90 degrees

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34
Q

Male pelvis

A

-larger, heavier and more narrow
-smaller inlet and outlet
-public arch angle < 90 degrees

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35
Q

Axial skeleton (80 bones)

A

-consists of the bones that lie around the central axis of the body

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36
Q

Skull

A

-skull protects and supports the brain and special sense organs
-provides a framework for attachment of muscles:
-move parts of the head
-produce facial expressions
-provides support for the entrance to the digestive tract and respiratory system

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37
Q

Cranial bones (8)

A

-form the rounded cranium
-surround and enclose the brain
-Sphenoid (1)
-Parietal (2)
-Temporal (2)
-Occipital (1)
-Ethmoid (1)
-Frontal (1)

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38
Q

Facial bones (14)

A

-Mandible (1)
-Maxilla (2)
-Vomer (1)
-Nasal bones (2)
-Zygomatic bones (2)
-Lacrimal bones (2)
-Palatine bones (2)
-Inferior nasal conchae (2)
-Hyoid bone (1)

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39
Q

Auditory ossicles (6)

A

-Malleus (2)
-Incus (2)
-Stapes (2)

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40
Q

Hyoid (1)

A

-found at the front of neck
-inferior to skull between mandible and larynx
-supports the tongue and plays a key role in speaking and swallowing
-“floating” bone
-only one in the body
-not connected to another bone

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41
Q

Vertebral column (26)

A

-relative to the front of the body the cervical and lumbar curves are convex
-thoracic and sacral curves are concave
-helps to support the body better

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42
Q

Vertebra

A

-series of bones found in the spine

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43
Q

Body of vertebrae

A

-large round portion of the bone

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44
Q

Pedicle of vertebrae

A

-each vertebra has two cylinder-shaped projections of hard bone that stick out from the back part of the vertebral body, providing side projection for the spinal cord and nerves

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45
Q

Lamina of vertebrae

A

-the roof of the spinal canal that provides support and protection for the backside of the spinal cord

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46
Q

Processes of vertebrae

A

-Spinous processes:
-each vertebra has a single spinous process, centred posteriorly at the point of the arch
-Transverse processes:
-each vertebra has two transverse processes, which extend laterally and posteriorly from the vertebral body
-in the thoracic vertebra, the transverse processes articulate with the ribs

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47
Q

Vertebral foramen of vertebrae

A

-provides for the passage of the spinal cord and the meninges

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48
Q

Intervertebral foramen of vertebrae

A

-allows for nerves to exit the spinal cord

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49
Q

Intervertebral disc of vertebrae

A

-fibrocartilaginous disc found between the bodies of the adjacent vertebrae

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50
Q

Cervical vertebrae (7)

A

-C1-C7
-neck

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51
Q

Atlas (C1)

A

-supports the head
-no body and spinous process

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52
Q

Axis (C2)

A

-body of atlas fused to the body of axis

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53
Q

Thoracic vertebrae (12)

A

-T1-T12
-articulates with the ribs

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54
Q

Lumbar vertebrae (5)

A

-L1-L5
-supports the lower back
-bear most of the weight of trunk
-more stout

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55
Q

Sacrum

A

-S1-S5
-fused by mid-late 20’s

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56
Q

Coccyx

A

-Co1-Co4
-tailbone
-fused form puberty – mid 20’s

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57
Q

Ribs (24)

A

-12 pairs
-true ribs (7 pairs)
-false ribs (5 pairs)

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58
Q

True ribs (7 pairs)

A

-upper 7 rib pairs
-attach directly and individually to the sternum

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59
Q

Costal cartilage

A

-bars of hyaline cartilage that serve to prolong the ribs forward and contribute to the elasticity of the walls of the thorax
-only found at the anterior ends of the ribs, providing medial extension

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60
Q

False ribs (5 pairs

A

-bottom 5 pairs of ribs
-ribs 8-10 attach indirectly with the sternum
-elongated piece of costal cartilage
-ribs 11-12 do not attach
-floating ribs

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61
Q

Sternum (1)

A

-partially t-shaped vertical bone that forms the anterior portion of the chest wall centrally
-sternum is divided anatomically into three segments: manubrium, body, xiphoidal process
-connects the ribs via the costal cartilages forming the anterior rib cage
-consists of three parts
1. manubrium
2.body
3.xiphoid process

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62
Q

Manubrium

A

-most proximal and broadest part of the sternum and articulates laterally with the clavicles and first ribs, and distally with the body of the sternum via the manubriosternal joint

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63
Q

Xiphoid process

A

-lowest part of your sternum (distal end)
-pointed bottom of the sternum that’s in the center of your chest, where your ribcage connects to your sternum, right above you diaphragm
-connected to the rest pf your sternum by a symphysis

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64
Q

Appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

A

-consists of the bones of the upper and lower limbs
-and the bones forming the girdles that connect the limbs to the axial skeleton

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65
Q

Shoulder girdle

A

-clavicle
-scapula
-humerus

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66
Q

Clavicle (2)

A
  • collar bone
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67
Q

Acromial end of clavicle

A

-articulates with the acromion

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68
Q

Sternal end of clavicle

A

-articulates with the manubrium of the sternum

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69
Q

Scapula (2)

A

-shoulder blade
-includes:
-Spine
-Acromion
-Coracoid process
-Glenoid cavity

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70
Q

Spine of scapula

A

-ridge of the bone
-posterior aspect

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71
Q

Acromion of scapula

A

-articulates with the clavicle

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72
Q

Coracoid process of scapula

A

-muscle attachment

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73
Q

Glenoid cavity of scapula

A

-articulates with the humerus

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74
Q

Humerus (2)

A

-only bone in the arm
-part of the shoulder joint
-contains:
-Greater tubercle
-Lesser tubercle
-Lateral epicondyle
-Medial epicondyle
-Capitulum
-Trochlea

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75
Q

-Greater tubercle

A

-the large eminence found on the lateral aspect of the proximal end of the humerus
-provides attachment for three out of the four muscles of the rotator cuff, a muscle group that stabilizes the shoulder joint

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76
Q

Lesser tubercle

A

-more prominent than the greater tubercle
-it is situated in front, and is directed medialward and forward
-provides an insertion site for subscapularis muscle, and an attachment site for the transverse humeral ligament

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77
Q

Lateral epicondyle

A

-muscle attachment
-projections on the distal humerus
-bump on the outer side of the elbow

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78
Q

Medial epicondyle

A

-muscle attachment
-projection on the distal humerus

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79
Q

Capitulum

A

-lateral
-articulates with radius
-articulates with the cup shaped depression on the head of the radius, and is limited to the front and lower part of the bone

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80
Q

Trochlea

A

-medial
-articulates with ulna
-the medial of the two articular projections located at the distal end is the condyle of the humerus, the other being the capitulum

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81
Q

Forearm

A

consists of:
-radius
-ulna

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82
Q

Radius (2)

A

-located laterally in anatomical position

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83
Q

Ulna notch

A

-concave hollow located on the distal and medial surfaces of the body where the radius bone connects with the adjacent ulnar bone

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84
Q

Ulna (2)

A

-medial in anatomical position

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85
Q

Olecranon

A

-forms the posterior bump of the elbow
-part of the ulna

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86
Q

Radial notch

A

-the smooth, oval, articular indentation found along the lateral aspect of the coronoid process of ulna
-its anterior and posterior margins provide attachment sites for the annular ligament of the radius

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87
Q

Hand

A

contains::
-Carpals (16)
-Metacarpals (10)
-Phalanges (28)

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88
Q

Carpals (16)

A

-wrist
-2x8 for both sides added together

89
Q

Metacarpals (10)

A

-palm
-2x5 for both sides added together

90
Q

Phalanges (28)

A

-fingers
-2x14 for both sides added together
Include
-Proximal phalanges (10)
-Middle phalanges (8)
-Distal phalanges (10)

91
Q

Proximal phalanges (10)

A

-closest to the hand

92
Q

Middle phalanges (8)

A

-bone located between the first joint and the centre knuckle

93
Q

Distal phalanges (10)

A

-the distal or third of the three bones in each finger when counting from the hand to the tip of the finger
-thumb only has proximal and distal

94
Q

Lower limb

A

divided into:
-gluteal region
-thigh
-leg
-foot

95
Q

Gluteal region

A

-iliac crest to hip joint
Include
-pelvic girdle
-ilium
-ischium
-pubis
-acetabulum
-false pelvis
-true pelvis

96
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Includes:
-Ox coxae (2) composed of
-ilium
-ischium
-pubis

97
Q

Ox coxae (2)

A

-hip bone
-2make up the pelvic girdle
-articulates with trunk and point of attachment for lower limbs
-composed of: ilium, ischium, pubis
-pubic symphysis and sacrum join the 3 bones

97
Q

Ilium

A

-superior region
Includes:
-acetabulum
-greater sciatic notch
-iliac crest

98
Q

Greater sciatic notch

A

-sciatic nerve extends through

98
Q

Acetabulum

A

-articulates with the femur
-ilium, ischium and pubis contribute a portion

99
Q

Iliac crest

A

-superior most ridge

100
Q

Ischium

A

-inferior to ilium
Includes:
-Ischial tuberosity

101
Q

Ischial tuberosity

A

-sitz bones
-prominent feature

102
Q

Pubis

A

-anterior and inferior part of hip bone
-has superior and inferior rami and body
Includes
-Superior ramus
-Inferior ramus

103
Q

Superior ramus

A

-the superiorly located, bony bar that projects from the superolateral aspect of the body pubis

104
Q

Inferior ramus

A

-the inferiorly located, flat bony bar that projects from the inferolateral aspect of the body of pubis

105
Q

Public symphysis

A

-symphyseal surface of both pubic bones
-symphyseal definition: relating to a symphysis, a place where two bones are directly joined together by cartilage

106
Q

False pelvis

A

-lies above the pelvic brim
-forms the inferior region of the abdominal cavity

107
Q

True pelvis

A

-bony pelvis inferior to the pelvic brim
-encloses the pelvic cavity
-contains the pelvic organs

108
Q

Thigh

A

Includes:
-femur

109
Q

Femur (2)

A

-longest, heaviest and strongest bone
-head articulates with the acetabulum
Include:
-medial epicondyle
-lateral epicondyle
-greater trochanter
-lesser trochanter

110
Q

Medial epicondyles

A

-articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint
-articulates with the patella
-kneecap
-tracks between the condyles of the femur
-a bony protrusion, located on the medial side of the femur at its distal end

111
Q

Lateral epicondyles

A

-articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint
-articulates with the patella
-kneecap
-tracks between the condyles of the femur
-smaller and less prominent than the medial epicondyle

112
Q

Greater trochanter

A

-projection for large muscle attachment
-part you can feel as the outermost bit of the hip that you lie on

113
Q

Lesser trochanter

A

-projection for large muscle attachment
-inside the groin

114
Q

Patella (2)

A

-kneecap
-protects joints
-helps muscles, tendons and ligaments work correctly, as well as helps you move your knee

115
Q

Leg

A

Includes:
-tibia
-fibula

116
Q

Tibia (2)

A

-medial
-largest of the leg bones
-weight-bearing
Include:
-lateral condyles
-medial condyles

117
Q

Lateral condyles

A

-forms the outer portion of the expanded upper part of the tibia

118
Q

Medial condyles

A

-medially located, round, articular eminence found on the proximal end of the tibia

119
Q

Fibula (2)

A

-lateral
-smaller
-muscle attachment
Includes:
-Lateral malleolus

120
Q

Lateral malleolus

A

-located on the end of the fibula
-the name given to the bone on the outside of the ankle joint

121
Q

Foot

A

Includes
-Tarsals (14)
-Metatarsals (10)
-Phalanges (28)

122
Q

Tarsals (14)

A

-ankle
-2x7 for both sides added together
Include:
-Talus
-Calcaneus

123
Q

-Talus

A

-small bone in your ankle
-second biggest bine in the back of foot

124
Q

Calcaneus

A

-heel
-large string bone that forms the back of the foot and transfers most of the body weight from the lower extremity to the ground

125
Q

Metatarsals (10)

A

-sole
-2x5 for both sides added together

126
Q

Phalanges

A

-toes
-2x14 for both sides added together
Include:
-Proximal phalanges (10)
-Middle phalanges (8)
-Distal phalanges (10)

127
Q

Proximal phalanges (10)

A

-the toe bone that is closest to the metatarsals
-longest of the toes bones

128
Q

Middle phalanges (8)

A

-some of the smaller long bones that form the toes of the feet
-positioned between the distal phalanges (which are the tips of the toes) and the proximal phalanges (which are the ones that are nearest to the foot itself)

129
Q

Distal phalanges (10)

A

-at the end of each toe

129
Q

Structural classification of joints

A

-based on anatomy
Include:
-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial

130
Q

Fibrous joints

A

-bones held together by dense regular connective tissue
-lack cartilage and synovial cavity
-usually synarthroses (sometimes amphiarthroses)
-primary function to hold together 2 bones
-3 types:
1. suture
2. syndesmoses
3. gomphoses

131
Q

Fibrous suture

A

-synarthroses
-in skull

132
Q

Fibrous syndesmoses

A

-greater distance between bones
-more connective tissue than sutures
-allows for slight movement
-amphiarthroses

133
Q

Fibrous gromphoses

A

-teeth in sockets of mandible and maxilla
-immobile
-synarthroses

134
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A

-help together by cartilage
-consist of a bar of cartilage between bones
-provides little to no movement
-synarthroses or amphiarthroses

135
Q

Synovial joints

A

-have a synovial cavity
-ligaments hold bones together to form a synovial cavity
-freely moveable joint
-diarthroses
-two-layered capsule encloses the synovial cavity
Includes:
-fibrous layer
-synovial membrane
-synovial fluid

136
Q

Synovial joints fibrous layer

A

-outer layer
-dense connective tissue
-strengthens the joint

137
Q

Synovial membrane

A

-inner layer
-specialized type of connective tissue

138
Q

Synovial fluid

A

-secreted by the specialized connective tissue inside the synovial membrane
-function:
-reduces friction
-lubricates the joint
-absorbs shock
-supplies O2 and nutrients to cartilage and removes CO2 and waste

139
Q

Accessory structures to synovial joints

A

-ligaments
-menisci
-bursae

140
Q

Ligaments

A

-bands of dense regular connective tissue
-joins bone to bone
-stabilize, strengthen and reinforce the joint

141
Q

Menisci

A

-pads of dense fibrocartilage
-between articular surfaces
-provides strength, allow bones of different shapes to fit together
-shock absorption and more even weight distribution

142
Q

Bursae

A

-fluid filled structures
-minimize friction

143
Q

Functional classification of joints

A

-based on degree of movement they permit
-synarthroses
-amphiarthroses
-diarthroses
-ligaments
-bursae
-menisci

144
Q

Synarthroses

A

-immovable joints

145
Q

Amphiarthroses

A

-slightly moveable joints

146
Q

Diarthroses

A

-freely moveable joints

147
Q

Ligaments

A

-bands of dense regular connective tissue
-joins bone to bone
-stabilize, strengthen and reinforce the joint

148
Q

Bursae

A

-fluid filled structures
-minimize friction

149
Q

Menisci

A

-pads of dense fibrocartilage
-between articular surfaces
-provides strength, allow bones of different shapes to fit together
-shock absorption and more even weight distribution

150
Q

Types of synovial joints

A

-planar
-hinge
-pivot
-condyloid
-saddle
-ball-and-socket

151
Q

Planar synovial joint

A

-flat bones sliding
-between carpals and tarsals

152
Q

Hinge synovial joint

A

-like a hinged door
-elbow with humerus and ulna

153
Q

Pivot synovial joint

A

-rounded surface fits into a ring formed by a ligament and another bone
-C1 + C2 of the spine

154
Q

Condyloid synovial joint

A

-convex, oval shaped
-radius and carpals
-metacarpals-phalangeal

155
Q

Saddle synovial joint

A

-like a rider in a saddle

156
Q

Ball-and-socket synovial joint

A

-spherical articulating head of one bone fits in the rounded socket of another bone
-ex. shoulder joint

157
Q

Range of Motion

A

-refers to the range (degrees of s circle) through which the bones of a joint can be moved
-factors that influence ROM:
-structure or shape of articulating bones
-determines how closely they fit together
-strength and tension of the muscles and joint ligaments
-restrict or permit certain positions
-hormones:
-relaxin increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and loosens ligaments between sacrum and hip toward end of pregnancy
-disuse:
-movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an extended period
-accumulation of synovial fluid
-muscular atrophy
-the more mobility a joint has the less stable it is
-the less mobile the joint the more stable it is

158
Q

Joint movements

A

-4 main joint movements:
1. gliding movements
2. angular movements
3. rotation
4. special movements

159
Q

Gliding joint movement

A

-simple back-and-forth and side-to-side movements
-usually occurs along planar joints
-occurs between the carpals, articular processes of the vertebrae and tarsals

160
Q

Angular joint movement

A

-increases or decreases the angle between articulating bones
Includes:
-Flexion
-Extension
-Abduction
-Adduction
-Circumduction

161
Q

Flexion

A

-decrease the angle

162
Q

Extension

A

-increases the angle

163
Q

Abduction

A

-movement away from the midline

164
Q

Adduction

A

-movement toward the midline

165
Q

Circumduction

A

-movement in a circle

166
Q

Rotation joint movement

A

-bone revolves around its own axis
-lateral rotation:
-external rotation
-limb rotates away from the midline
-medial rotation:
-internal rotation
-limb rotates toward the midline
Includes:
-supination
-pronation

167
Q

Supination

A
  • movement of the forearm so the palm is upward
    -lateral rotation
168
Q

Pronation

A

-movement of the forearm so the palm is downwards
-medial rotation

169
Q

Special movements

A

-Elevation
-Depression
-Protraction
-Retraction
-Inversion
-Eversion
-Dorsiflexion
-Plantar flexion
-Opposition

170
Q

Elevation

A

-upward movement of a body part

171
Q

Depression

A

-downward movement

172
Q

Protraction

A

-movement anteriorly

173
Q

Retraction

A

-movement back to normal

174
Q

Inversion

A

-movement of the sole of the foot medially

175
Q

Eversion

A

-movement of the sole of the foot laterally

176
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

-bending of the foot at the ankle in an upward direction
-in direction of dorsum

177
Q

Plantar flexion

A

-bending of the foot at the ankle in downward direction
-toward the plantar surface

178
Q

Opposition

A

-movement of thumb to touch other fingers on the same hand

179
Q

Axial Skeleton Joints

A
  • Atlanto-occipital
  • Atlanto-axial
  • Intervertebral
  • Vertebrocostal
  • Sternocostal
  • Lumbosacral
180
Q

Atlanto-occipital

A

-superior articular facets of atlas and occipital condyles of occipital bone

181
Q

Atlanto-axial

A

-anterior arch of atlas and dens of axis

182
Q

Intervertebral

A

-vertebral bodies of adjacent vertebrae
-superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

183
Q

Vertebrocostal

A

-facets of heads of ribs and bodies of adjacent thoracic vertebrae and intervertebral discs between adjacent vertebrae
-articular part of tubercles of ribs and facets of transverse processes of thoracic vertebra

184
Q

Sternocostal

A

-sternum and first seven pairs of ribs

185
Q

Lumbosacral

A

-body of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the base of the sacrum
-inferior articular facets of fifth lumbar vertebra and superior articular facets of first sacral vertebra

186
Q

Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb Joints

A
  • Sternoclavicular
  • Acromioclavicular
  • Radioulnar
  • Wrist
  • Intercarpal
  • Carpometacarpal
  • Metacarpophalangeal (MP joints, “knuckles”)
  • Interphalangeal (IP joints)
187
Q

Sternoclavicular

A

-manubrium of sternum and sternal end of clavicle

188
Q

Acromioclavicular

A

-acromion of scapula and acromial end of clavicle

189
Q
  • Radioulnar
A

-proximal joint:
-head of radius and radial notch of ulna
-distal joint:
-distal end of ulna and ulnar notch of radius

190
Q

Wrist

A

-distal end of the radius, scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum

191
Q

Intercarpal

A

-adjacent carpal bones

192
Q

Carpometacarpal

A

-thumb:
-trapezium and first metacarpal
-other digits:
-carpals and metacarpals II-V

193
Q

Metacarpophalangeal (MP joints, “knuckles”)

A

-heads of metacarpals and bases of proximal phalanges

194
Q

Interphalangeal (IP joints)

A

-heads of proximal and middle phalanges with bases of middle and distal phalanges, respectively

195
Q

Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb Joints

A
  • Sacroiliac
  • Pubic symphysis
  • Tibiofibular
  • Ankle
  • Intertarsal
  • Tarsometatarsal
196
Q

Sacroiliac

A

-auricular surfaces of sacrum and ilium

197
Q

Pubic symphysis

A

-symphyseal surface of both pubic bones

198
Q

Tibiofibular

A

-superior joint:
-head od fibula and lateral condyle for tibia
-inferior joint:
-distal end of fibula and fibular notch of tibia

199
Q

Ankle

A

-distal end of tibia and medial malleolus of tibia with talus
-lateral malleolus of fibula and talus

200
Q

Intertarsal

A

-between the tarsal bones

201
Q

Tarsometatarsal

A

-three cuneiforms and cuboid (tarsals) and bases of five metatarsals

202
Q

Synovial joints and Levers

A
  • Effort
    -Effort arm
  • Resistance
    -Resistance arm
  • Fulcrum
203
Q

Fulcrum

A

-the fixed point in a lever
-joints function as the fulcrum
-fulcrum is acted on by two different forces:
-effort
-resistance
-the location of the fulcrum and load determines whether the lever is at a mechanical advantage or disadvantage
-if load is close to the fulcrum and effort is far you only need a small amount of effort
-mechanical advantage

204
Q

First class levers

A

-fulcrum between the effort and the resistance
-ex. atlanto-occiptial joint of the neck

204
Q

Third class levers

A

-effort is between the fulcrum and the load
-most common lever in the body
-always produces a mechanical disadvantage but allows for large range of motion

204
Q

Second class levers

A

-resistance is between the fulcrum and the effort
-always provides a mechanical advantage in producing force
-sacrifices speed and range of motion for force

205
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A

Articulation components:
-head of mandible and mandibular fossa of temporal bone
-head of mandible and articular tubercle of temporal bone
Structural classification:
-synovial (hinge, plane) joints
Functional classification:
-diarthrosis
Description of movement:
-depression, elevation, lateral displacement, protraction, retraction, slight rotation of mandible

206
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A

Articulation components:
-glenoid cavity of scapula and head of humerus
Structural classification:
-synovial (ball-and-socket)
Functional structure:
-diarthrosis
Description of movement:
-abduction, adduction, circumduction, flexion, extension, lateral rotation, and medial rotation of arm

207
Q

Elbow joint

A

Articulation components:
-humeroulnar joint:
-trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
-humeroradial joint:
-capitulum of humerus and head of radius
Structural classification:
-synovial (hinge)
Functional classification:
-diarthrosis
Description of movement:
-flexion and extension of forearm

208
Q

Hip (coxal) joint

A

Articulation components:
-head of femur and acetabulum of ox coxae
Structural classification:
-synovial (ball-and-socket)
Functional classification:
-diarthrosis
Description of movement:
-flexion, extension abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial ad lateral rotation of thigh

209
Q

Knee joint

A

Articulation components:
-tibiofemoral joint:
-medial condyle of femur, medial meniscus, and medial condyle of tibia
-patellofemoral joint:
-patella and patellar surface of femur
Structural classification:
-synovial (hinge) at tibiofemoral joint, both synovial (hinge) and synovial (plane) at patellofemoral joint
Functional classification:
-diarthrosis
Description of movement:
-flexion, extension, lateral ration of leg in flexed position, slight medial rotation

210
Q

Types of arthritis

A
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Gouty arthritis
    -Ankylosing spondylitis
211
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

-most common
-wear-and-tear
-repeated use wears down articular cartilage
-results in bone rubbing against bone

212
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

-auto immune disorder
-immune system attacks its own joint tissue

213
Q

Gouty arthritis

A

-“gout”
-uric acid buildup in the blood, synovial fluid and synovial membranes

214
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis

A

-inflammatory

BIO 110 (12 decks)

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