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BIO 110 > INTEGUMENT AND BONE TISSUE > Flashcards

INTEGUMENT AND BONE TISSUE Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Epidermis

A

-made up of epithelial tissue
-constantly shedding and regenerating
-composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

4 main cell types:
-Keratinocytes
-Melanocyte
-Merkel cells (tactile cells)

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3
Q

Keratinocytes

A

-producing keratin
-tough fibrous protein
-provides protection

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4
Q

Melanocytes

A

-produce melanin
-important for protection from UV
-melanin is a pigment that protects against damage from UV radiation

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5
Q

Merkel cells (tactile cells)

A

-touch receptor cells
-in stratum basale
-when compressed, send signals to nerves

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6
Q

Stratum basale

A

-deepest, single layer of cuboidal to low columnar keratinocytes in contact with basement membrane
-cell division occurs here
-also contains melanocytes and tactile cells
-continuous cell division
-produces all other layers
-as cell divides, new cell is pushed toward external surface

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7
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

-layer of 8-10 keratinocytes and some dendritic cells
-several layers of keratinocytes attached to neighbours by desmosomes
-epidermal dendritic cells present

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8
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

-3-5 layers of keratinocytes with distinct granules in cytoplasm
-keratinization begins in this layer
-non dividing cells
-filled with granules of keratin
-as keratin is produced causes nucleus and organelles to disintegrate

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9
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

-only present in thick skin
-fingers tips, palms, soles
-2-3 layers of anucleate, dead keratinocytes
-seen only in thick skin (i.e., palms of hands, soles of feet)

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10
Q

Stratum corneum

A

-most superficial layer of epidermis
-20-30 layers of dead, flattened, anucleate, keratin-filled keratinocytes
-~20 layers of flat cell remnants
-continuously shed and replaced

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11
Q

Dermis

A

-dermis has extensive nerve fibers
-sensory nerve fibers
-tactile corpuscles
-detect pressure, vibration and cold
-motor nerve fibers
-control blood flow and gland secretion
-dermal blood flow
-supply nutrients to epidermis and dermis
-important role in body temperature and blood pressure regulation

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12
Q

Papillary region (dermis)

A

-consists of areolar connective tissue with capillaries, tactile receptors and free nerve endings
-superficial layer of dermis
-composed of areolar connective tissue
-forms dermal papillae
-houses capillaries and tactile receptors

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13
Q

Reticular region (dermis)

A

-deeper layer of dermis
-composed of dense irregular connective tissue
-surrounds and supports hair follicles
-sebaceous glands and sweat glands, nerves and blood cells
-consists of dense irregular connective tissue with adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves and glands

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14
Q

Subcutaneous

A

-attaches the skin to underlying tissues and organs
-acts as an energy reserve
-provides thermal insulation
-drugs often injected here
-not considered part of the integument
-deep to dermis
-composed of areolar and adipose connective tissue

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15
Q

Hair

A

-pilus ( single hair )
-composed of dead, keratinized epidermis cells
-functions:
-protection
-heat retention
-sensory reception
-main components:
-shaft: above the surface of the skin
-root: deep to the skin surface
-bulb: made of epithelial cells, where the hair originates

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16
Q

Nails

A

-composed of keratinized epidermal cells
-found on the dorsal surfaces of the ends of the fingers and toes
-functions:
-protection
-assist in grasping objects

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17
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

-connected to hair follicles
-secretes oily substance into hair follicle
Sebum:
-prevents dehydration of hair and skin
-inhibits growth of certain bacteria
-oil glands are stimulated by androgens

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18
Q

Eccrine sweat glands

A

-occur over most of the body and open directly into the skins surface
-cools the body as sweat evaporates from the skin
-secretes a watery substance
-sweat while exercising ( no order )
-secretes a watery substance that helps to cool the body and eliminates small amounts of waste

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19
Q

Apocrine sweat glands

A

-located in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolar, and bearded facial regions of adult males
-released during sexual activity
-produce waxy substance
-found in ear canal
-secrete a water substance with proteins and lipids
-susceptible for bacteria growth leading to odor
-emotional or stressful sweating

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20
Q

Know the 4 steps involved in wound healing

A
  1. cut blood vessels bleed into the wound
  2. blood clot (scab) forms
  3. blood vessels regeneration
  4. epithelial regeneration
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21
Q
  1. cut blood vessels bleed into the wound
A

-brings clotting proteins leukocytes and antibodies
-inflammation

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22
Q
  1. blood clot (scab) forms
A

-temporary barrier
-prevents the entry of pathogens
-macrophages and neutrophils clean the wound of cellular debris
-proliferation

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23
Q
  1. blood vessels regeneration
A

-also creates granulation tissue
-vascular connective tissue
-macrophages begin to remove clotted blood
-fibroblasts produce new collagen fibres
-remodelling

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24
Q
  1. epithelial regeneration
A

-due to cell division at the edge of the wound
-scar tissue
-more thick and tough
-fibrosis

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25
Q

Regeneration

A

-replacement of damaged cells with cells of the same type

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26
Q

Fibrosis

A

-replacement of damaged cells with different cells
-produces scar tissue
-composed primarily of collagen fibres produces by fibroblasts

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27
Q

First degree burn

A

-only involves the epidermis
-mild pain and redness
-no blistering or loss of function
-ex. mild sunburn

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28
Q

Second degree burn

A

-involves the epidermis and dermis
-redness, blister formation, edema and pain
-some skin functions are lost
-ex. severe sunburn or scalding from hot liquid

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29
Q

Third degree burn

A

-involves epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous layers
-most functions are lost, and region is numb

30
Q

Periosteum

A

-tough sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue on the outside of the bone

31
Q

Medullary cavity

A

-space within the diaphysis
-contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults

32
Q

Endosteum

A

-membrane that lines the medullar cavity

33
Q

Diaphysis

A

-shaft of the long bone

34
Q

Epiphysis

A

-form the distal and proximal ends of a long bone

35
Q

Metaphysis

A

-area where the epiphysis and diaphysis join
-width of the bone is changing

36
Q

Articular cartilage

A

-thin layer of hyaline cartilage
-covers the epiphysis of long bones
-found where the bone forms an articular (joint) surface

37
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

-unspecialized bone stem cells

38
Q

Osteoblasts

A

-formed from osteoprogenitor cells
-cuboidal shape
-bone building cells

39
Q

Osteocytes

A

-mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts
-lost bone forming ability
-maintain bone matrix

39
Q

Osteoclasts

A

-bone breakdown cells
-large, multinuclear

40
Q

Red bone marrow

A

-hemopoietic
-blood cell forming
-contains reticular connective tissue, immature blood cells and fat
-in children:
-located in spongey bone of most bones and medullary cavity of long bones
-in adults:
-located in portions of the axial skeleton and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

41
Q

Yellow bone marrow

A

-product of red bone marrow degeneration in adults
-fatty substance
-may convert back to red bone marrow
-during severe anemia (low erythrocytes)
-facilitates production of additional erythrocytes

42
Q

Spongy bone

A

-located within compact bone
-lighter and appears porous
-support and protect red bone marrow
-spongey bone lacks osteons
Trabeculae
-lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns

43
Q

Compact

A

-strongest form of bone tissue
-resists stresses by weight and movement
-appears white, smooth and solid

44
Q

Osteons

A

-unites of compact bone
-formed from concentric lamellae

45
Q

Concentric lamellae

A

-cylindrical rings of lamellae which are rich in collagen
-surround the nutrient canals of osteons

46
Q

Interstitial lamellae

A

-found between osteons
-leftover fragments of older osteons

47
Q

Lacunae

A

-small spaces between lamellae
-house osteocytes

48
Q

Canaliculi

A

-small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae
-allows for contact and communication

49
Q

Central canal

A

-location of blood and lymphatic vessels
-within osteons

50
Q

Perforating canals

A

-a channel within bone tissue that allows blood vessels and nerves to connect the outer part of the bone with its interior
-run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and intersect with the central canals of osteons

51
Q

Ossification

A

-the process of forming new bone
-steps:
1. initial formation
-ossification
-replace connective tissue with bone
2. growth
3. remodeling
4. repair of fractures

52
Q

Epiphyseal growth plate

A

-found in adolescents
-layer of chondrocytes that are proliferating
-adds length and secreting extracellular matrix
-Ca salts

53
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

-in adults, the epiphyseal cartilage is no longer present
-elongation of bones has stopped
-epiphyseal line
-replaces the epiphyseal plate
-growing cartilage is replaced by calcified bone

54
Q

Explain bone matrix formation and resorption

A
55
Q

Know bone’s role in Ca2+ homeostasis

A
56
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

bone is splintered into several small pieces between the main points

57
Q

Complete fracture

A

bone is broken into two or more pieces

58
Q
A
59
Q

Compound (open)

A

broken ends of the bone protrude though the skin

60
Q

Greenstick

A

partial fracture; one side of bone breaks-the other side is bent

61
Q

Hairline

A

fine crack in which sections of bone remain aligned (common in skull)

62
Q

Impacted

A

one fragments of bone is firmly driven into the other

63
Q

Stress

A

thing fracture due to repeated, stressful impact such as running (these fracture often are difficult to see on x-rays, and a bone scan may be necessary to accurately identify their presence)

64
Q

Bone repair

A

1.formations of a fracture hematoma
2.fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3.bony callus forms
4.remodelling occurs

65
Q
A
66
Q

Describe the general functions of bone

A

Functions:
1.Provides
-structural framework
-point of attachment for tendons and ligaments
-protects internal organs
2.Assist in body movements
-levers for movement
3.Participate in blood cell production
-hemopoiesis
4.Storage of mineral and energy reserves
-triglycerides in adipose cells of yellow bone marrow
-calcium and phosphorous

67
Q

Explain the structural components of a long bone

A

-long bones contain yellow and red bone marrow
-produce blood cells
-bone that has a shaft and two ends and is longer than it is wide
-have a thick outside layer of compact bone and an inner medullary cavity containing bone marrow
-Diaphysis:
-shaft of the long bone
-Epiphysis:
-form the distal and proximal ends of the long bone
-Metaphysis:
-area where the epiphysis and diaphysis join
-Periosteum:
-tough sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue on the outside of the bone
-Medullary Cavity:
-space within the diaphysis
-contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults
-Endosteum:
-membrane that lines the medullar cavity

68
Q

Compare and contrast the structure and location of the two types of bone
marrow

A

-Red Bone Marrow:
-contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets
-location in children:
-located in spongey bone of most bones and medullary cavity of long bones
-location in adults:
-located in portions of the axial skeleton and proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
-Yellow Bone Marrow:
-made mostly of fat and contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat or bone cells
-location in adults:
-found especially in the medullary cavity of long bones
-located in children:
-located in the hollow cavity of long bones
-typically found at the center surrounded by red bone marrow

69
Q

Name the four types of bone cells and their functions

A

-Osteocytes:
-mature bone cells derived from osteoblasts
-lost bone forming ability
-maintain bone function
-Osteoclasts:
-bone breakdown cells
-large, multicellular
-Osteoprogenitor Cells:
-unspecialized bone stem cells
-precursors to the more specialized bone cells
-play a prodigal role in bone repair
-Osteoblasts:
-formed form osteoprogenitor cells
-cuboidal in shape
-bone building cells

BIO 110 (12 decks)

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