Meh FA Flashcards
When we think of music and art do we make an immediate connection to the environment
No
Is the role of music and art in our lives important
Yes very important
What do Visual, instrumental and vocal compositions do
Address features of the globe and have served various purposes
True or False: music and art help us enjoy our
planet, but they also warns us of our need to protect
that biosphere
True
How long has visual art been a means for humans to interpret their natural environment
Thousands of years
What do Prehistorical cave paintings predominately feature
Animals
How long ago were prehistoric caves paintings made
tens of thousands of years ago
Roman mural paintings from when featured cultivated gardens
first century BCE
What have Chinese ink paints presented
towering mountains and forests
How long have Chinese ink painting’s showed this
2 millennia
European modern landscape painting date
1700s
What happened as landscape paintings became more popular
they gained their own genre
When is the historical period of the modern environmental movemnet
1960s and 1970s
What do we broadly call the emergence of a new relationship between visual
art and the environment
Eco art/ ecological art
Contemporary Eco Art
Aims to make positive change by addressing issue of clime and ecology
Music
Sound organized in time
What can be used to create music
noises and tones produced by any means
What is required for music
time frame, sound waves, and a cognizant mind to perceive and interpret those sounds
What Common but not required factors of music
composer, mechanical or human performers, and mechanical way of reproducing them
How do the composition and performance of a piece happen simultaneously
Often improvisation sometimes via electronic composition
Is a degree of human intention and perception necessary for music
Yes
Have scientists defined “some degree of human perception “ yet
No
Sound
wave of energy
What does sound have as a wave
amplitude and frequency
Amplitude
loudness
Pitch
highness or lowness of a sound
normal human ear hears
it as a single, sustained tone when …
the frequency of a wave is between 20 and 20000 cycles per second
What is a pure sine wave at 440 hz sound like
A over middle C
What do orchestral musicians in the united States tune their instruments to
A-440 and A over middle C
What type of wave pattern from dropping a book on the floor
irregular and short
Does the sound of a book dropping a discernable pitch
No
What are the two types of musical sound
pitched and non-pitched
Ethomusicologist
scholars who study the music of other cultures/ multiple cultures comparatively
Curt Sachs and Erich von Hornbostel
two ethnomusicologists who categorized instruments into four groups
Groups of the Sachs-Hornbostel classification
Chordophones, Aerophones, Membranophones, idiophones, and later electrophones
How many categories were in the Sachs-Hornbostel classification
4 later 5
Chordophones
One or more strings that are plucked, bowed, or struck
Aerophones
instruments that use vibrating column of air to create sound
Membranophones
Skin or other membrane stretched across some frame that vibrates when struck.
Idiophones
body of the instrument itself vibrates and creates sound
Electrophones
An instrument that relies on a oscillator and electricity to make sound
What were instruments classified into before Sachs and Hornbostel
Families
Strings
instruments that are bowed or plucked
Brass instruments
made of metal, buzzling lips of the performer make the air vibrate
Woodwind
Column of air is moved with breath alone using one or two vibrating reeds.
Percussion
includes membranophones and idiophones and some chordophones that are struck
What happens in some cases with keyboard instruments
They constitute a fifth category/family
When did the first electronic instruments appear
First decades of the twentieth century
What was one of the most well known
early electronic instruments
The theremin
Is the theremin used today
Yes, it is used occasionally
How do you play the theremin
By disrupting the electrical fields that surround the protruding bars. This also lets you control amplitude with one hand and frequency with another.
What was the “next crucial step in electronic instruments”
Advance made in electronics and radio technology at the end of WWII
Why were advances in electronics and radio technology made
for wartime purposes
After the war were state-of-the-art studios needed for wartime purposes
No, not really
True or False Scientist and Composers collaborated to make music with new equipment (after the end of WWII)
True
What sounds were recorded and put on tape
Electronically generated sounds and sounds produced by live instruments
What could be done to sounds recorded on tape
They could be edited, manipulated, and mechanically recombined to form collages of sound
How were collages of sound performed
Via loud speaker
What is musique concréte
A type of composition where sound were recorded on tape then edited, manipulated, and mechanically recombined to form collages of sound
Why is musique concréte a French term
Because its first practitioners were in France
What are the basic techniques of tape music
looping and splicing
What do looping and splicing permit
Compositions that cannot be reproduced by a human performer
What were the major cities for electronic music after the war
Rome, Paris, Cologne, and New York City
What does a single isolated sound have
pitch, duration, timbre, and volume
What is a musicians refer to when they speak of “a pitch”
A single tone whose highness or lowness will not change
Frequency of a Guitar A string
A-110
What happens if you press on the exact midpoint of the guitar A string
The frequency doubles (A-220)
What happens when you halve the length of a string
it vibrates twice as fast
Musical term for distance between A and the next higher or next lower A
Octave
What provides an “excellent visual aid for understanding pitch and harmony”
A piano keyboard
Where are high sounding pitches on a piano
On the right side
Where are low sounding pitches on the piano
On the left side
What is moving left to right on a keyboard called
moving up the keyboard
What is moving right to left on a keyboard called
moving down the keyboard
What is middle C on a keyboard
Roughly equidistant from either end
How are the black keys arranged
in alternating groups of two and three
Where is middle C located
to the left of the group of two black keys closest to the middle of the keyboard
What is the distance between any two adjacent keys called
A semitone/half step
Whole step
The distance between every other key (whether black or white)
What are the basic intervals of a scale
Half steps and whole steps
Scale
Sequence of pitches in ascending or descending order
What are the white keys usually called
the natural keys
What is the musical alphabet
A, B, C, D, E, F, G (Then repeat)
What is ♮
the symbol that represents a natural note
What is ♯
the symbol that represents a sharp note
What is ♭
the symbol that represents a flat note
What does a sharp note mean
It indicates that the given pitch has been raised by a half step/ semitone
What does a natural note mean
It indicates that the given pitch has been lowered by a half step/ semitone
What is the note to the right of A on the keyboard
A♯
What are A♯ and B♭
The same note
Why is A♯ and B♭ the same note
Because they are both one half step higher than A and one half step lower than B
Interval
Distance between any two pitches
What is the smallest interval usually used in Western music
half step/ semitone
Melody
Series of successive pitches perceived by the ear to form a coherent whole
How many pitches occur at a time for a melody
One
What happens if two pitches occur together
it is either harmony or counterpoint
Rhythm
the way music is organized in time
Beat
steady pulse that underlies most music
Is the beat audible
sometimes the beat is audible
Tempo
the speed of the beat
Can the beat slow or pause
yes
What do traditional Italian names for tempo indicate
Mood or other expressive qualities related to tempo
Presto
very fast
Allegro
fast
Moderato
moderate
Adante
at a walking tempo
Adagio
slow
Lento or Grave
very slow
Ritardando
Tempo slowing down
Accelerando
Tempo speeding up
Poco apoco
gradually
Subito
Suddenly
Unmetered
when there is no steady tempo/ discernable beat
Rubato
Speeds up and slows down for expressive effect
Are all beats of equal importance
no
What are beats grouped into normally
measure or informally bars
What are measures separated by
bar lines
Which beat of the measure is usually the strongest
the first beat
What is the first beat customarily called
downbeat or the strong beat
Meter
the pattern of emphasis superimposed on groups of beats
Types of meters
duple, triple, quadruple, or irregular
Duple meter
music with groups of two beats (STRONG-weak-STRONG-weak,etc)
STRONG-weak-weak-STRONG-weak-weak, etc.
triple meter
