FA Section II Flashcards
The subject of land has long been important to ___________ ______________.
artistic production
In art, what is land the source of?
the materials for artistic production
When did depictions of land become especially important? (time period)
the Modern Era
Which artists were the first to paint depictions of natural landscapes?
Dutch artists in the 17th century
When did Dutch artists start painting pictures of land?
the 17th century
What did Dutch artists initially use as the subject of their land paintings in the 17th century?
lands of the Dutch Republic
When did landscape paintings become popular in places like Germany, England, and the US? (time period)
the Romantic Era
Where did landscape paintings become popular during the Romantic Era?
places like Germany, England, and the US
Who were some of the earliest painters who experimented with new techniques for depicting their land in the Romantic Era?
Caspar David Friedrich, John Constable, and Thomas Cole
In the US, early landscape paintings of the West were harnessed to _____________ ______________.
Manifest Destiny
What was Manifest Destiny?
the 19th-century cultural belief that American settlers were destined to take possession of the entire east-to-west expanse
What idea was implicit in Manifest Destiny?
that the Western US lands were empty of culture and history
The artworks in the Fine Arts Pentathlon Resource Guide don’t reject the history of the landscape, but do what?
they re-engage it within the framework of political and environmental issues
What does picturesque mean?
a view worthy of being seen and appreciated
What does Indigenous mean?
people originate from a certain place
What does Native American mean?
people who originate from North America
When did the term Native American gain popularity?
the 1960s and 1970s
Why is the term Native American politically charged?
because the term America originates from European colonial settlement
Where is the term First Nations used?
Canada
Who does the term First Nations refer to?
Indigenous people who originate from Canada and have sovereignty, excludes the Metis and Inuit
What 2 groups are not included in First Nations?
Metis and Inuit
Who does Aboriginal refer to?
the first inhabitants of a territory, most commonly used in Canada
Where does the term Indian to refer to Native Americans come from?
Christopher Colombus’s impression that he landed in South Asia on his voyage
Who use the name Allora & Calzadilla?
Jennifer Allora and Guillermo Calzadilla
When was Allora born?
1974
When was Calzadilla born?
1971
When did Allora and Calzadilla first meet?
1995
Where did Allora and Calzadilla first meet?
Florence, Italy
Why were Allora and Calzadilla in Florence in 1995?
they were studying abroad
When Allora and Calzadilla met in Florence, they started a ____________ that utilizes various media.
collaboration
Where do Allora and Calzadilla live and work today?
San Juan, Puerto Rico
Who created “Land Mark (Foot Prints)”?
Allora & Calzadilla
“Land Mark” is part of an extended series of artworks about what?
land use on the island of Vieques, Puerto Rico
What is a series in art?
a group of artworks made around a specific theme or subject
When did the US take possession of Vieques, Puerto Rico?
WWII
Why did the US take possession of Vieques, Puerto Rico?
to use as a location to store and test weapons
What was the effect of the US taking possession of Vieques Puerto Rico?
the lives of the residents had been disrupted and the environment was harmed
As a result of the negative factors of the US taking possession of Vieques, what was started?
a civil disobedience campaign
When was the civil disobedience campaign against land use of Vieques started? (decade)
1970s
What organization led the civil disobedience campaign against land use of Vieques?
the Vieques Fisherman’s Association
When were tensions regarding the land use of Vieques heightened?
1999
When did Allora & Calzadilla start making artwork to raise awareness of the military occupation of Vieques?
1999
What happened on April 19, 1999, in Vieques?
500 pounds were dropped on security guard David Sanes Rodriguez, killing him and injuring 4 others
What did Allora & Calzadilla do as part of a civil disobedience protest for “Land Mark”?
they trespassed on the bombing range on Vieques so a heat sensor would be triggered, stopping all explosions while they were there
As part of “Land Mark”, what did Allora, Calzadilla, and other protesters wear on their feet?
sandals with printed messages on the bottom in English and Spanish
In “Land Mark”, why was a picture of Buzz Aldrin on one of the messages?
to criticize the Apollo 11 space missions, saying it was part of expansive colonial activities of the US
Why did Allora & Calzadilla disprove of the Apollo space missions done by the US?
they claimed the missions were part of expansive colonial activities by the US
What is the phrase “Land Mark” intended to be?
a play on words
How is “Land Mark” a play on words?
it describes the activity of marking the land, and when put together (landmark), it means a prominent feature of an area
Why did Allora & Calzadilla choose to imprint messages in the sand for “Land Mark”?
because it transmitted the intended message and wasn’t permanent or environmentally harming
What did the US do in response to continuous protests in Vieques?
they began to close the site in 2001
When did the US completely leave Vieques?
2003
Did Allora & Calzadilla stop their engagement with Vieques after the US left in 2003?
No, they continue to make artwork and messages about the site
What are the questions about “Land Mark” that are listed in the resource guide?
- How is land differentiated from other land by the way it is marked?
- Who decides what is worth preserving and what should be destroyed?
- What are the strategies for reclaiming marked land?
- How does one articulate an ethics and politics of land use?
When was Kent Monkman born?
1965
Kent Monkman identifies as a _______ artist.
Cree
What organization is Monkman a member of?
Fishe River Cree Nation
What types of art does Monkman create?
painting, film, video, performance, and installation
What do Monkman’s artworks address?
histories of colonization and Indigenous culture
What does “The Fourth World” do?
it appropriates the artwork of others and blurs time periods of cultural encounters
What is appropration?
an artistic technique where one artist uses the form of another artwork to give it new meaning
When did the term appropriation begin to be commonly used? (decade)
1980s
What 2 traditions are cited in “The Fourth World”?
19th-century American Romantic landscape painting and 20th-century site-specific sculpture
How are the people in “The Fourth World”? (description)
they are 3 blonde-haired men, 2 on horseback
Where is “The Fourth World” set?
Yosemite Falls
What other painting is the waterfall in “The Fourth World” based on?
“Cho-looke, the Yosemite Fall”
Who made “Cho-looke”?
Albert Bierstadt
When was “Cho-looke” made?
1864
Bierstadt was part of an influential group of Americans who did what?
traveled throughout the Western US in the late 1800s while painting dramatic vistas of mountains and waterfalls
How did paintings like “Cho-looke” play a role in Congress?
it influenced Congress to protect the lands depicted by creating national parks for them
What did the creating of national parks, like Yosemite, cause?
the California Genocide
What was the California Genocide?
the killing or brutal displacement of Indigenous people to force them off their lands and make national parks
What happened to the Indigenous people in the California Genocide?
they were either directly killed or were worked to death
When did the California Genocide occur?
the 19th century
What are the men in “The Fourth World” doing?
they are playing Indian
What does “playing Indian” mean?
it is where people perform their appropriation of Indigenous culture for personal enjoyment
What are the men in “The Fourth World” wearing?
camouflage pants with no shirt
Who introduced the horse to North America?
European colonists
When was the horse introduced to North America by European colonists? (century)
16th century
What painting other painting are the copper walls from “The Fourth World” based on?
“Clara-Clara”
When was “Clara-Clara” made?
1983
Who made “Clara-Clara”?
American artist Richard Serra
What are the copper walls in “Clara-Clara” made of?
rusted corten steel
Who made “Tilted Arc”?
Richard Serra
Where was “Tilted Arc” originally installed?
lower Manhatten
When was “Tilted Arc” originally installed?
1981
What did “Tilted Arc” cause?
controversy among a small number of federal white-collar workers
When was “Tilted Arc” removed from its original location?
1989
When “Tilted Arc” was removed from its original site, what did Serra say about it?
he said his work had been destroyed
How does Monkman deploy “Clara-Clara” in “The Fourth World”?
he deploys it as a buffalo jump
What does the presence of “Clara-Clara” in “The Fourth World” allude to?
the mass killing of bison that occurred in the 19th century in the US
According to Monkman: “The more I looked at are of the nineteenth century going backwards in time, the more I realized that those paintings were a _____________.”
manifesto
What did Monkman say the paintings of the 19th century are manifestos of?
colonization
When was “The Fourth World” made?
2012
Who made “Battle for the Woodlands”?
Bonnie Devine
When was “Battle for the Woodlands” made? (2 years)
2014-2015
When was Devine born?
1952
What Indigenous group is Devine part of?
the Serpent River First Nation of Northern Ontario
Who made “Reclamation Project”?
Bonnie Devine
What was “Reclamation Project”?
a strip of sod that was draped across different landscapes in Southern Ontario
What did Devine make “Reclamation Project” in response to?
the Ipperwash Crisis
What ethnic group is Devine?
Anishinaabe/Ojibwa
Who made “Canoe”?
Bonnie Devine
When was “Canoe” made?
2003
What did Devine do for “Canoe”?
she stitched together hundreds of papers from her MFA thesis to form a canoe
How big was the canoe in “Canoe”?
16 feet
How did Devine display “Canoe”?
she suspended it from the ceiling
What larger installation is “Canoe” part of?
“Stories from the Shield”
The pages from Devine’s MFA thesis used in “Canoe” include descriptions of what?
traditional canoe technology
What type of installation is “Battle for the Woodlands”?
multimedia installation
Devine created “Battle for the Woodlands” for it to be displayed where?
in its own room in the Art Gallery of Ontario
In “Battle for the Woodlands”, what does Devine depict?
the entire aquatic system of the 5 Great Lakes as 5 animals
What animals in “Battle for the Woodlands” represent the aquatic system of the 5 Great Lakes?
buffalo, otter, turtle, rabbit, and leviathan
What are the animals in “Battle for the Woodlands” painted in?
red oxide
The map in “Battle for the Woodlands” represents land using what titles?
proper names that designate ownership of lands
What ethnic group is Will Wilson?
he is Dine or Navajo
Where did Wilson spend the formative years of his life?
the Dinetah
What is the Dinetah?
the traditional homeland of the Navajo people
What is the Dinetah called under US law?
the Navajo Nation
What did Wilson study in college?
photography, sculpture, and art history
Who made “Church Rock Spill Evaporation Ponds”?
Will Wilson
When was “Church Rock Spill Evaporation Ponds” shot?
2019
Where was “Church Rock Spill Evaporation Ponds” shot?
Church Rock, New Mexico
“Church Rock Spill Evaporation Ponds” is part of what series?
“Survey”
What does Wilson do in “Survey”?
he documents contaminated lands on the Dinetah
What did the US do in the Navajo Nation from the 1940s to the 1980s?
they extracted 4 million tons of uranium ore from the lands of the Navajo Nation
“Church Rock Spill Evaporation Ponds” is what view?
aerial view
What does aerial view mean?
an image shot from above
What is depicted in “Church Rock Spill”?
2 ponds, previously used to evaporate water, contaminated with tailings
What are the ponds in “Church Rock Spill” contaminated with?
tailings
What are tailings?
radioactive waste from uranium mining that has heavy metals and radium
What do tailings contain?
heavy metals and radium
When was the dam at Church Rock breached?
July 16, 1979
What did the dam at Church Rock hold?
water contaminated with radioactive waste
What happened when the dam at Church Rock was breached?
93 million gallons of water entered the Puerco River
What is the largest radioactive spill in US history?
the spill at Church Rock
About how many abandoned mines are located in the Navajo Nation?
over 500
The Church Rock spill occurred less than ___ months after Three Mile Island in PA.
4
How did the Church Rock spill compare to the Three Mile Island incident?
it was much larger and was reported much less
Why were sites like Church Rock in desert regions of the US selected for toxic activities?
because they thought they were not very populated
