SS Section 2 Flashcards
What is the oldest fossil record of Homo Sapiens dated to
300,000 years ago
When did Homo Sapiens become the last surviving members of the Homo genus
Around 40,000 years ago
What was our population cap before the Holocene
10 million
What is the current global human population
over eight billion
Where can traces of human manufacturing be found
nearly everywhere on the planet
When is the general marker of the start of the Holocene
11,700 years ago
Which epoch did most of Homo sapiens develop
Pleistocene Epoch
What does LGM mean
The Last Glacial Maximum
When did The Last Glacial Maximum
20,000 years ago
What did the ice cover during the LGM
A lot of Europe including Scandinavia, the British Isles, and parts of central Europe. Some of Asia had permafrost too.
When was the first period of the Holocene
11,700 to 8,236 years ago
What are the names of the first period of the Holocene
Early Holocene Subseries/
Subepoch or the Greenlandian Stage/Age.
When was the second period of the Holocene
8,236 to 4,250 years ago
What are the names of the second period of the Holocene
Middle Holocene Subseries/Subepoch
or the Northgrippian Stage/Age
When was the third period of the Holocene
4,250 years ago to the present
What are the names of the third period of the Holocene
Late Holocene Subseries/Subepoch or
the Meghalayan Stage/Age
How did the temp. of the The early holocene compared to the rest of the holocene
it was the hottest time of the Holocene
What is the name of the ice that has the evidence for the start of the Holocene
NGRIP2
At what depth was NGRIP2 taken from
1,492 meters
What did the ending of the Early Holocene coincide with
a meltwater event in Canada, when a glacial ice sheet collapsed
How far had humans migrated at the start of the Holocene
Africa across Eurasia to the east and west, to Australia, and to the Americas from the north to the south
What does the beginning of the Holocene coincide with
the extinction of dozens of large mammals
What are two of the theories about why dozens of large mammals went extinct at the beginning of the Holocene
- Humans hunted them to extinction
2.The animals inability to adapt a new climate.
Why is the theory that big mammals went exitect at the end of the ice age due to the fact that Humans hunted them to exitention challenged
there is a lack of evidence to suggest that Humans hunted them to extinction
Meltwater event
When something accelerates the flow of icy water into the ocean
What does the beginning of the Middle Holocene coincide with
the collapse of the Laurentide Ice sheet in Canada
Why is the Middle Holocene also called the Northgrippian stage
this is due to the iced core that proved that it was a thing, it was taken from Greenland.
When did temperatures start to decline
7300 years ago
Why did temperatures start to decline 7300 years ago
Weaker solar energy was one of the factors
What did the temperature decline mark
It marked the change to the Late Holocene
What influenced the burgeoning fate of the human communities
Local social dynamics and climate factors
Why is the Late Holocene called the Meghalayan period
because it refers to mineral deposits in northeast India where the evidence of the Late Holocene was found
What is the event called that made the change from the Middle Holocene to the Late Holocene
the Holocene turnover
What was the Holocene turnover
It was an abrupt change in atmospheric and oceanic conditions that led to an abrupt change in weather conditions
What is a pitfall of the field of Climatology
the confusing dating system
What is a pitfall in synchronizing climate and human history
it is hard to understand to the different scales of the historical and climate timelines.
Wen did agrarian societies emerge
around 3500 BCE
Where is Mesopotamia located
On the national boundaries of Iraq
When was the Akkadian Empire established
2234 BCE
When did the Akkadian Empire collapse
2218 BCE
What did the collapse of the Akkadian Empire coincide with
The change from the middle to late Holocene
From where did a powerful civilization arise from in Eygpt
The Nile Delta
What is a reason that some scholars say the old kingdom of Egypt fell
due to the consequences of drought
Where was a powerful Indian civilization developing
In the Indus Valley
What happened to end the Indus Valley civilization
We do not know
What was an early culture in the Andes
the Chavin
When did the Inca Empire take over
the 1400s
Who ruled Mesoamerica for 700 years
The Olmec
Who took over after the Olmec
Groups like the Maya and the Aztec
When did Alexander the Great live
from 356 to 323 BCE
When was Rome’s time of peak power
150 BCE to 250 CE
What happened during Rome’s time of peak power
stable conditions and stable rainfall in important portions of the empire
Why was the year 536 CE the worst year to be alive
Big volcanos erupting caused the temperatures to drop and so it was the “year without a summer” in Europe
Why is china a uniquely interesting and significant area for
the combined study of climate and human history.
China has a remarkable collection of human records that date back to the Shang dynasty (c.1600−1050 bce)
What does LIA stand for
Little Ice Age
When did THE LIA occur
From around 1300 to 1850
Was the temperature change with the LIA uniform throughout the world
No
The LIA is easy to put into one time period
No
What were the main reasons that the LIA happened
A chain of volcanic eruptions and a lack of solar activity
What were low sun activity times called
Solar minima
When did the Wolf minima take place
1280-1350
When did the Maunder minima take place
1654-1715
When did the Dalton minima take place
(3rd)
1790-1820
What do the three minima match
times where the glaciers in the European Alps got bigger
Did the LIA influence the path of empires
Yes
Europeans well equipped for making sense of the geography that they encountered in the places they colonized
No
Did the Europeans discard incorrect ideas about climate from generations past
Yes, but they were really slow at doing it.
In the 1590s the cultural and economic conditions in
Spain made people do what
stay in Spain and move to urban centers
In the 1590s the cultural and economic conditions in
England made people do what
Move overseas and join the colonies
What blocked the Dutch from finding a maritime route to China
Frozen seas
Did the LIA affect Africa
Yes, in some parts
Which region in particular lost rain in Africa during the LIA
the Sahel region
Did the LIA affect Asia
Yes
How did China stabilize food prices during the LIA
By diversifying their food and what they grow
The Native Americans did worse than the European colonists during the LIA
False
What was Florida’s climate during the LIA
It was really cold
Did people in the Middle Ages blindly follow religion
Yes
What did the LIA do with religion
it made people more skeptical of their religious beliefs
Can common ideas about the weather be cleanly divided between pre and post Enlightenment mentalities
no
Who did we end up with our climate getting worse
it is because of what people are doing
