FA Section VII Flashcards
Is it possible to know when humans first became aware of the need to protect their natural environment?
No
Who said, “The goal of life is living in agreement with nature.”?
ancient Greek philosopher Zeno
When did Zeno say “The goal of life is living in agreement with nature.”?
450 BCE
According to ancient Greek philosopher Zeno, “The goal of life is living in agreement with _________.”
nature
Who was nicknamed the father of medicine?
Hippocrates
Hippocrates was nicknamed the father of ____________.
medicine
What is regarded as the oldest surviving European study of human ecology?
“De aere, aquis, et locis”
Who wrote “De aere, aquis, et locis”?
Hippocrates
When did Hippocrates write “De aere, aquis, et locis”?
4th century BCE
What does “De aere, aquis, et locis” mean
Airs, Waters, and Places
Ecology is a field of __________.
biology
What is ecology?
a field of biology that examines the relationships between organisms and their environment
Who burned the burning of coal in London in 1306?
King Edward I
What did King Edward I ban in London in 1306?
the burning of coal
When did King Edward I ban the burning of coal in London?
1306
Why did King Edward I ban the burning of coal in London?
because of the noxious smoke it produced
Because air quality in England was a concern, what was formed?
a royal commission which investigated the noxious vapors factories produced
Why were some opposed to the air quality commission in England?
because it came at a financial cost
When did Britain pass the Clean Air Act?
1956
When did the US pass the Clean Air Act?
1963
When did the US strengthen its Clean Air Act?
1970
When did writers begin having an environmental impact? (century)
19th century
Who wrote “Nature”?
Ralph Waldo Emerson
When did Emerson publish “Nature”?
1835
What did Emerson’s “Nature” propose?
limits on how much humanity should expand into the wilderness
Emerson’s views in texts like “Nature” convinced who to write what?
Henry David Thoreau to write “Life in the Woods”
When was “Life in the Woods” published?
1854
What did “Life in the Woods” detail?
Thoreau’s experiences during a 2-year stay at Walden Pond
In 1872, John Muir started publishing essays about what?
the Sierra Nevada mountain range
When did John Muir start publishing essays about the Sierra Nevada mountain range?
1872
Muir’s essays about the Sierra Nevada mountain range led to what?
the formation of the Sierra Club in 1892
When was the Sierra Club formed?
1892
When was Yellowstone established?
1872
When was Sequoia established?
1890
Who wrote “Silent Spring”?
Rachel Carson
When did Carson publish “Silent Spring”?
1962
When did Carson write and publish books as an author? (century)
the 20th century
What did “Silent Spring” document?
the horrific effects of DDT
What is DDT?
a chemical pesticide that is toxic to living things
What group supported Carson’s view in “Silent Spring”?
the President’s Science Advisory Committee
Was DDT banned?
Yes
Some see the acceptance of the need to regulate the industry in order to protect the planet as the birth of ___________________.
environmentalism
What did Ron Cobb devise?
an ecology symbol
Who made the ecology symbol?
Ron Cobb
When was the ecology symbol made?
1969
What does the “e” in the ecology symbol represent?
planetary orbit
What does the “o” in the ecology symbol represent?
unity and wholeness
What letters made up the ecology symbol?
e and o
What senator wanted to promote a series of informal lectures on college campuses to raise awareness of environmental issues?
Senator Gaylord Nelson
A volunteer for Senator Nelson’s environmental campaign suggested what?
to call it “Earth Day”
Who came up with the idea of “Earth Day”?
Julien Koenig
How was the day for Earth Day chosen?
using Koenig’s birthday
What day is Earth Day?
April 22
When was the first Earth Day?
April 22, 1970
What magazine published an article about Earth Day?
Look Magazine
What flag did Look Magazine come up with?
the ecology flag
How many colleges and universities participated in the first Earth Day?
1,500
How many grade schools participated in the first Earth Day?
10,000
How many people participated in the first Earth Day?
20 million
Joni Mitchell was one of the artists who responded to what?
the growing concerns for the natural world
What is Joni’s real name?
Roberta Joan Anderson
Where did Joni grow up?
Canada
When did Joni adopt her nickname?
in high school, 1957
How did Joni get her surname?
from her brief marriage with Chuck Mitchell
What were Joni’s earliest interests?
painting and poetry
When did Joni begin performing folk music?
1963
When Joni was young, what did she think about performing music?
she thought it was just a hobby
What spurred Joni into songwriting and performing?
an unplanned pregnancy (she later gave up the baby for adoption)
To capitalize on her growing songwriting expertise, Joni set up what for herself?
a publishing company
What did Joni call her publishing company?
Siquomb Publishing
Siquomb Publishing is an acronym for what?
“She Is Queen Undisputedly of Mind Beauty”
What album did Joni release after moving to LA?
“Song to a Seagull”
“Song to a Seagull” was released after Joni moved to what city?
Los Angeles
When was “Song to a Seagull” released?
1968
Was “Song to a Seagull” successful?
modestly successful
What did a Rolling Stone reviewer call “Song to a Seagull”?
a good debut
What album did Joni follow “Song to a Seagull” the next year?
“Clouds”
“Both Sides Now” and “Chelsea Morning” are in what album by Joni?
“Clouds”
What album gave Joni her first Grammy award?
“Clouds”
What was Joni’s first Grammy award for?
Best Folk Performance
What spot did Joni get on the Billboard charts for “Clouds”?
No. 31
What was Mitchell’s 3rd album?
“Ladies of the Canyon”
“Ladies of the Canyon” refers to what?
Laurel Canyon
What is Laurel Canyon?
a bohemian neighborhood in Souther California
When did Joni settle in Laurel Canyon?
1969
How was “Ladies of the Canyon” different than her previous 2 albums?
it did a lot better on the Billboard music charts and used more tone colors
What spot did “Ladies of the Canyon” reach in the US?
No. 27
What spot did “Ladies of the Canyon” reach in the UK?
No. 8
Who wrote “Big Yellow Taxi”?
Joni Mitchell
What album is “Big Yellow Taxi” on?
“Ladies of the Canyon”
What spot did “Big Yellow Taxi” reach in the US?
No. 67
What spot did “Big Yellow Taxi” reach in the UK?
No. 11
Where did “Big Yellow Taxi” go gold?
England
What does it mean for an album to go gold?
it means it sold over 1 million copies
What was the source of inspiration for “Big Yellow Taxi”?
Joni’s brief vacation to Hawaii
What island is Sugarloaf Mountain on?
Maui
What hotel is the pink hotel referenced in “Big Yellow Taxi”?
the Royal Hawaiian Resort
The Royal Hawaiian Resort has hosted guests since when?
1927
What is the tree museum in “Big Yellow Taxi” referencing?
the Foster Botanical Garden in Honolulu
What does the Foster Botanical Garden charge to see its trees?
an entrance fee
What chemical pesticide is referenced in “Big Yellow Taxi”?
DDT
When is the big yellow taxi talked about in “Big Yellow Taxi”?
the last verse
What genre of music is “Big Yellow Taxi”?
Ecology rock n roll
Why is “Big Yellow Taxi” ecology rock n roll?
because of its upbeat style and environmental topics
According to Joni, why is her music becoming more like rock n roll?
because her friends like and perform this music and she is being influenced by them
What type of guitar is used in “Big Yellow Taxi”?
an acoustic guitar
What unusual percussion tone colors were used in “Big Yellow Taxi”?
congas, gourds, and finger cymbals
What type of singing is commonly used in “Big Yellow Taxi”?
bop-vocal singing
What is bop-vocal singing?
the singing of nonsense syllables
What does Joni credit the bop-vocal singing in “Big Yellow Taxi” to?
“The Saskatunes”
What technique did Joni use to create “Big Yellow Taxi” all by herself?
multitracking
What is multitracking?
the assemblage of different recordings to play them simultaneously
Joni had a _______________ upbringing.
Saskatchewan
What uncommon mode does Joni use in certain portions of “Big Yellow Taxi”?
Mixolydian mode
When did Joni release a live version of “Big Yellow Taxi”?
1974
Joni released a live version of “Big Yellow Taxi” in 1974 on what album?
“Miles of Aisles”
What instrument does the live recording release of “Big Yellow Taxi” add?
the saxophone
What does Joni reference in the live recording of “Big Yellow Taxi” that she didn’t in the original?
she referenced a big yellow tractor
The live version of “Big Yellow Taxi” reached what spot on the Billboard charts?
No. 24
In 1995, Reprise Records released a CD with ___ different versions of “Big Yellow Taxi”?
7
What record company released a CD with 7 different versions of “Big Yellow Taxi”?
Reprise Records
When did Reprise Records release a CD with 7 different versions of “Big Yellow Taxi”?
1995
What is a cover? (song)
a recording or performance done by someone other than the original singer or writer
What is Joni’s official website?
https://jonimitchell.com/
As of September 2023, there have been ____ versions of “Big Yellow Taxi”.
565
What does BMI stand for?
Broadcast Music Inc.
In 1996, BMI awarded a certificate to Joni for what?
1 million licensed performances of “Big Yellow Taxi”
When did Joni receive a certificate for 1 million performances of “Big Yellow Taxi”?
1996
According to Joni, what have some cities done in response to “Big Yellow Taxi”?
some have torn up some of their parking lots to convert them into parks
What modes are used in “Big Yellow Taxi”?
major mode and Mixolydian mode
In “Big Yellow Taxi”, Joni sings “Please” at 1:11. What is the way she sings it called?
a melisma
In “Big Yellow Taxi”, at time stamp 1:55, Joni sings “gone”, which is a short __________.
fermata
At the end of “Big Yellow Taxi”, what does the guitar play?
a cadence
Did everyone think environmental messages were good material for entertainment?
No
Who wrote “Mercy Mercy Me”?
Marvin Gaye
Who was the head of Motown Records when Marvin Gaye was there?
Berry Gordy Jr.
What did Berry say when Gaye wanted to make an album with environmental messages?
he said, “Why do you want to ruin your career?”
When was Motown Records founded?
1959
What was Motown Records originally called?
Tamla Records
When was Motown Records renamed to its current name?
1960
Who renamed Tamla Records to Motown Records?
Berry Gordy Jr.
Gordy renamed Tamla Records to Motown Records as a tribute to what?
Motor City
Motor City is a nickname for what city?
Detroit
Where was Motown Records founded?
Detroit, MI
Why is Detroit nicknamed Motor City?
because of its history of automobile manufacturing
What automobile company did Gordy work for when he was young?
Ford
What genre of music did Motown Records specialize in?
R&B
What does R&B stand for?
rhythm and blues
What did R&B originally represent?
any recording by a non-white performer
When did R&B get its current meaning? (decade)
1950s
What is R&B?
a genre of music meaning Black music with energetic rhythms suitable for dancing
What did Gordy envision Motown Records to be like?
a factory
Who was Marvin Gaye’s father?
Marvin Gay
How did Gaye and his father have tension on the music aspect?
his father disliked him for performing music that was secular, thinking it was sinful
Gaye’s father thought his music was especially sinful because of its associations with ________ and _____________.
drugs, sexuality
What caused Gaye to die?
a shooting death between him and his father
Who killed Gaye?
his father
When did Gaye die?
1984
How was Gaye’s rise to fame at Motown Records?
slow but steady
Who did Gaye marry?
Gordy’s sister, Anna Gordy
When did Gaye get married?
1963
How old were Gaye and Anna when they got married?
Gaye was 20 and Anna was 37
How did Anna help Gaye’s career?
she helped promote his music
What was the biggest hit Motown had ever experienced?
“I Heard it Through the Grapevine”
When was “I Heard It Through the Grapevine” released?
1968
What was Gaye’s biggest hit?
“I Heard It Through the Grapevine”
How long did “I Heard It Through the Grapevine” stay at the top of the pop singles chart?
7 weeks
How long did Gordy block the release of “I Heard It Through the Grapevine”?
over 1 year
Why did Gordy block “I Heard It Through the Grapevine” for over a year?
because it was too innovative and didn’t fit Gaye’s style
What themes did “What’s Going On” address?
themes of war, peace, ecology, politics, economics, and salvation
When was “What’s Going On” released?
May 21, 1971
For the first time in Motown’s history, “What’s Going On” included what?
lyrics for each of the songs and all the performing musicians
For the first time in Motown’s history, this album included lyrics for each of the songs and all the performing musicians. What is the name of this album?
“What’s Going On”
What religious message was left in “What’s Going On”?
he said to fight the forces of hatred and evil and to follow the biblical 10 Commandments
How many songs did the original album of “What’s Going On” contain?
6
How many songs did the reverse album of “What’s Going On” contain?
3
How many songs in “What’s Going On” became independent hit singles?
2
What album is “Inner City Blues” part of?
“What’s Going On”
What album is “Mercy Mercy Me” part of?
“What’s Going On”
What spot did “Inner City Blues” reach on the pop charts in Sept 1971?
No. 9
What spot did “Mercy Mercy Me” reach on the pop charts in 1971?
No. 4
What spot did “Inner City Blues” reach on the R&B charts?
No. 1
What spot did “Mercy Mercy Me” reach on the R&B charts?
No. 1
How many combined sales did “Mercy Mercy Me” and “Inner City Blues” get?
4 million copies
When Gaye addressed environmental topics in “Mercy Mercy Me”, he became one of the first ______ singers to discuss this in their songs. (genre of music)
R&B
Did Berry Gordy understand the word ecology?
No, he had to have it explained to him
“Mercy Mercy Me” was the only song on “What’s Going On” to be what?
written solely by Gaye
What special tone color did Gaye use at the start of “Mercy Mercy Me” that he only used once in his career? (percussion instrument)
the wood block
Why did Gaye only use the wood block once, on “Mercy Mercy Me”?
because someone stole it from him
What tone color did Gaye use during the coda of “Mercy Mercy Me”?
the Mellotron
When in “Mercy Mercy Me” did Gaye use the Mellotron?
during the coda
What was the mellotron?
an early electronic instrument
When was the mellotron manufactured?
1964-1986
In essence, the mellotron was an ___________ _____________.
analogue sampler
What did the mellotron rely on?
electricity and pre-recorded sounds
What happened with “Mercy Mercy Me” in 2002?
it was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame
When was “Mercy Mercy Me” inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame?
2002
What does Gaye use in the background of “Mercy Mercy Me” for additional voices?
a gospel choir
In “Mercy Mercy Me”, a solo for what instrument is played?
saxophone
At the coda of “Mercy Mercy Me”, what does the gospel choir sing?
“ooh” in the background
