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Anatomy > Medsoc mock > Flashcards

Medsoc mock Flashcards

1
Q

what does the ulnar nerve do?

A

flexes the forearm

flexes metacarpophalangeal joints and extends interphalangeal joints

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2
Q

what does vitamin D do?

A

increase calcium and phosphate levels as it build bone matrix

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3
Q

what are the 3 stages of bone fracture repair?

A

reactive
reparative
remodelling

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4
Q

reactive stage

A

vessels break and clotting factors cause haematoma to form

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5
Q

reparative stage

A

fibrocartilage starts to form and joins parts of bone together - spongy callus
cortical bone replaces fibrocartilage to join the parts of the bones - blood vessels heal and bony callus forms

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6
Q

remodelling stage

A

osteoclasts and osteoblasts work to smooth out the bone

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7
Q

which dermatome is the medial part of the arm?

A

T1

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8
Q

what do Pili do?

A

allow cells to stick to surfaces

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9
Q

what does smooth ER do?

A

synthesises and stores fats

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10
Q

what does rough ER do?

A

synthesises and stores proteins

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11
Q

muscle cramp

A

involuntary tetanic muscle contraction

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12
Q

muscle spasm

A

sudden and involuntary transient muscle contraction

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13
Q

what happens when the action potential reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

the action potential causes the L type calcium ion channel/ receptor to open and allow calcium ions in, which then bind to RYRs on sarcoplasmic reticulum, causing them to open and allow more calcium in

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14
Q

what do proteins contribute to?

A

oncotic pressure

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15
Q

what do electrolytes contribute to?

A

osmotic pressure

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16
Q

what is osmolarity

A

number of particles of solute in 1L of solution

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17
Q

osmolality

A

concentration of solute in 1Kg of solution

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18
Q

what does the alpha 1 adrenergic receptor do?

A

vasoconstriction of arterioles, dilation of pupils, inhibits saliva, inhibits peristalsis and inhibits bladder - prevents urine loss

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19
Q

where is the coronoid process found?

A

ulna

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20
Q

barton fracture

A

radius moves anterior or posterior with dislocation of radiocarpal joint
pain and swelling of wrist

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21
Q

chauffer fracture

A

fracture of radial styloid process - pain on wrist

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22
Q

what is the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis?

A

autoimmune destruction of nAChR on post synaptic membrane

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23
Q

symptoms of myasthenia gravis

A 
ptosis
muscle weakness - gowers sign 
dysarthria - slurred speech 
dyshphagia 
diplopia
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24
Q

what is the pathphysiology of organophosphate poisoning?

A

inhibits AChE

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25
Q

symptoms of organophosphate poisoning

A 
salivation
lacrimation
urination
diarrhoea
GI distress
emesis
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26
Q

cranial region of parasympathetic NS

A

cranial nerves = 10,9,7,3

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27
Q

where do the cranial and sacral regions of parasympathetic NS meet?

A

transverse colon

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28
Q

what adrenoreceptors have a greater affinity for adrenaline than noradrenaline?

A

Beta 1 and 2

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29
Q

which adrenoreceptors have a greater affinity for noradrenaline?

A

alpha 1,2 and beta 3

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30
Q

what do astrocytes do?

A

BBB

involved in homeostasis and communication - biochemical

31
Q

what does microglia do?

A

macrophage of NS and produces growth factors

32
Q

cold receptors

A

myelinated large A delta fibres

33
Q

warm receptors

A

unmyelinated C fibres

34
Q

proprioceptors?

A

muscle spindles
tendon organs
joint receptors

35
Q

nominal aphasia

A

left inferior parietal lobe - type of brocas dysphasia

able to understand - difficulty selective words with similar phonetic sounds

36
Q

dysarthria

A

slurred speech
cerebellar lesion - uncoordinated
basal ganglia lesion - monotonous
motor lesion - upper or lower or basal ganglia or cerebellum

37
Q

dysphonia

A

vocal cords
RLN
Gullain-Barre
weak/ hoarse voice

38
Q

bovine cough

A

vagus nerve lesion

dysphonia

39
Q

IC50

A

concentration of inhibitor needed to reduce response of drug by 50%

40
Q

EC50

A

concentration of drug needed to reach half the maximal response

41
Q

what nerve supplies taste to anterior 2/3rds of tongue?

A

facial

42
Q

what causes eye to move down and out?

A

oculomotor nerve palsy, along with diplopia and ptosis

43
Q

what causes diplopia when looking down, head tilt, eye moves up and in?

A

trochlear nerve palsy

44
Q

what causes diplopia, eye converges - inwards and down?

A

abducens nerve palsy

45
Q

what causes bilateral hemianopia?

A

optic chiasm lesion

46
Q

what does optic chiasm lesion cause?

A

bilateral hemianopia

47
Q

what controls sweating?

A

sympathetic NS

48
Q

what receptor controls sweating?

A

M3

49
Q

what does the thoracic duct start with?

A

cisterna chyli

50
Q

cisterna chyli

A

lymph from 2 lumbar and intestinal trunks flow to get to thoracic duct

51
Q

what is found on the surface of mast cells?

A

IgE antibodies

52
Q

what type of hypersensitivty is graves disease?

A

2 - IgG

53
Q

what is a hypersensitivity reaction?

A

allergies

autoimmunity

54
Q

which cells contain a MHC 1 receptor

A

somatic cells

except cells that have no nucleus

55
Q

what are antigen presenting cells?

A

DCs
macrophages
B cells

56
Q

TH1

A

viral

57
Q

TH2

A

bacterial

58
Q

which part of the antibody attaches to epitope?

A

paratope

59
Q

what is an epitope?

A

part of antigen that antibody attaches to

60
Q

what is the constant region?

A

Fc region

61
Q

which antibody exists as dimer?

A

IgA

62
Q

how long does it take for adaptive immune system to respond?

A

4-7 days - 5

63
Q

what do C3a and C5a do?

A

peptide mediators of inflammation

recruit phagocytes

64
Q

what does C3b do?

A

binds to complement receptors on phagocytes

opsonises

65
Q

what do C5b, C6,7,8 and 9 do?

A

membrane attack complex - lysis of pathogens and cells

66
Q

what gives rise to the lungs?

A

endoderm

67
Q

where is oestrogen produced?

A

ovaries or placenta

68
Q

what hormone drops of before birth and after?

A

progesterone before and oestrogen after

69
Q

what does progesterone do?

A

inhibits contractions

stimulates formation of cervical plug

70
Q

cushings disease

A

tumour in pituitary causing increase in corticotropin an d so increased cortisol production

71
Q

symptoms of cushings disease

A 
muscle weakness
easy bruising 
reduced vision - bilateral hemianopia 
central weight gain 
thin skin
fat pads between shoulders 
red cheeks
moon face
72
Q

why must pregnant women not take NSAIDs?

A

inhibits PGE2 which keeps shunts - ducts open in fetal circulation

73
Q

what is hashimoto’s disease?

A

hypothyroidism - increased TSH and lower T3 and T4
autoimmune attack of thyroid
type 4 hypersensitivty

74
Q

graves disease

A

autoantibodies
increase thyroid stimulation
low TSH and high T3 and 4
type 2 hypersensitvity

Anatomy (16 decks)

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