Coronary artery circulation

Question 1

how many coronary arteries are there?

Answer 1

2

Question 2

how many cardiac veins are there?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

what do coronary arteries do?

Answer 3

supply the myocardium with oxygen

Question 4

what do cardiac veins do?

Answer 4

drain deoxygenated away from the myocardium

Question 5

what are the 2 coronary arteries?

Answer 5

left and right coronary arteries

Question 6

left coronary artery

Answer 6

arises from the aorta above the left cusp of the aortic valve
supplies the left side of the heart
branches into 2 or 3 arteries

Question 7

right coronary artery

Answer 7

originates from above the right cusp of aortic valve

travels down the right coronary sulcus, towards the crux of the heart

Question 8

what are the coronary arteries?

Answer 8

right and left coronary arteries
anterior interventricular artert
circumflex artery
posterior interventricular artery - posterior descending 
right and left marginal artery

Question 9

branches of left coronary artery

Answer 9

left anterior descending

left circumflex > left marginal

Question 10

branches of right coronary artery

Answer 10

75% of people it gives off posterior descending artery
right marginal
sinoatrial nodal artery
atrioventricular nodal branch

Question 11

coronary sinus

Answer 11

collection of veins joining together, draining blood from myocardium
drains into right atrium at coronary sinus orifice

Question 12

where is the coronary sinus orifice

Answer 12

between inferior vena cava and tricuspid valv

Question 13

what are the tributaries of the coronary sinus?

Answer 13

great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein

Question 14

what does the great cardiac vein drain?

Answer 14

apex of heart, left atrium and both ventricles

Question 15

what does the middle cardiac vein drain?

Answer 15

posterior right atrium and ventricle

Question 16

what does the small cardiac vein drain

Answer 16

begins at apex

Question 17

electrical conduction in the heart

Answer 17

1. SAN generates impulses
2. impulses pause at AVN for 0.1seconds
3. AVN connects the atria and ventricles
4. bundle branches - bundle of his conduct the impulses through the interventricular septum
5. purkinje fibres depolarise the contractile cells of both ventricles

Question 18

how is heart rate controlled?

Answer 18

carotid body - contain chemoreceptors near the bifurcation of carotid artery. They detect changes in ppO2 and ppCO2
send feedback via branches of glossopharyngeal nerve
aortic body - chemoreceptors in aortic arch sends feedback via afferent branches of vagus nerve
carotid sinus - baroreceptors at base of internal carotid artery - innervated by a branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 19

where in the brain controls the heart rate?

Answer 19

receptors send feedback to cardiorespiratory centres in medulla oblongata
which regulates autonomic control of heart rate and blood pressure via parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

Question 20

what does the P wave represent?

Answer 20

atrial depolarisation

Question 21

what does the QRS complex represent?

Answer 21

ventricular depolarisation

Question 22

what does the T wave represent?

Answer 22

ventricular repolarisation

Question 23

How to treat an acute MI?

Answer 23

PCI - percutaneous coronary angioplasty

Question 24

what is PCI used for ?

Answer 24

open a blocked coronary artery - treat stenosis and restore arterial blood flow to heart tissue

Question 25

what is involved in a PCI?

Answer 25

coronary catheterisation - see vessels on x-ray coronary angioplasty - balloon inflation to treat narrowing stenting - keep vessel open

Question 26

where can a cardiac catheter be inserted?

Answer 26

groin or wrist

Question 27

arterial route of catheter via groin

Answer 27

femoral, external iliac, common iliac, aorta, left coronary and left anterior descending arteries

Question 28

arterial route of catheter via wrist

Answer 28

radial, brachial, axillary, subclavian, aorta, left coronary and left anterior descending arteries

Question 29

what is the widow maker?

Answer 29

blockage of left main coronary artery or left anterior descending artery usually fatal

Question 30

treating MI/ blockage of coronary arteries

Answer 30

surgery to restore blood flow via CABG

Question 31

CABG

Answer 31

surgery to restore coronary artery blood flow 1. left internal mammary artery is diverted to left anterior descending artery 2. great saphenous vein is removed from a leg, one end is attached to the aorta and the other is attached to the obstructed artery immediately after the obstruction to restore blood flow

Question 32

what is cardiomegaly?

Answer 32

abnormal enlargement of the heart

Question 33

ECG for MI

Answer 33

ST elevation

Question 34

ECG for atrial fibrillation

Answer 34

no P waves | QRS normal but irregularly irregular