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Anatomy > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the transthoracic plane?

A

horizontal plane at junction of manubrium to the sternum

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2
Q

what is the level of the heart?

A

T2-5 thoracic level and ribs

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3
Q

what is the mediastinum?

A

area between pleura/ both lungs and above the diaphragm

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4
Q

what are the subdivisions of the mediastinum?

A

superior
anterior
middle
posterior

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5
Q

superior mediastinum

A

above transthoracic plane - angle of louis

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6
Q

anterior mediastinum

A

anterior to pericardium

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7
Q

middle mediastinum

A

pericardium and its contents

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8
Q

posterior mediastinum

A

posterior to pericardium

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9
Q

what are the contents of the superior mediastinum?

A

arch of aorta and its 3 divisions
superior vena cava
vagus nerve - right branch runs posterior to superior vena cava
left vagus splits to create left recurrent laryngeal nerve which loops under the aortic arch
thymus

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10
Q

what are the major branches of the aortic arch?

A
  1. brachiocephalic artery
  2. Left subclavian artery
  3. Left common carotid artery
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11
Q

what are the borders of the superior mediastinum?

A

thoracic inlet
manubrium
vertebral bodies of T1-4
pleura of the lungs

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12
Q

What are the contents of the anterior mediastinum?

A

thymus - usually in children as shrinks with age

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13
Q

What are the borders of the anterior mediastinum?

A

body of sternum
pericardium
pleura of lungs
diaphragm

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14
Q

what are the contents of the middle mediastinum?

A 
pericardium
heart
tracheal bifurcation - left and right main bronchi
ascending aorta
pulmonary trunks
superior vena cava
cardiac plexus
phrenic nerves - L&R
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15
Q

what is the cardiac plexus?

A

collection of sympathetic (T1-4) and parasympathetic nerves (vagus) that innervate the heart

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16
Q

what are the contents of the posterior mediastinum?

A

thoracic aorta - crosses diaphragm at T12
oesophagus
thoracic duct
sympathetic trunks

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17
Q

what are borders of the posterior mediastinum?

A 
transthoracic plane
pericardium
vertebral bodies of T5[12
pleura of lungs
diaphragm
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18
Q

what are the borders of the middle mediastinum?

A

transthoracic plane
pericardium
pleura of the lungs
diaphragm

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19
Q

what are the layers of arterial wall?

A

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

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20
Q

tunica intima

A

endothelial cells with a thin subendothelium of connective tissue and discontinuous elastic laminae

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21
Q

tunica media

A

elastic membranes and smooth muscle cells

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22
Q

tunica adventitia

A

thin layer containing lymphatics, nerves and blood supply for the artery itself

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23
Q

what are the layers of the heart?

A

pericardium
epicardium - connective areolar tissue
myocardium - cardiomyocytes and connective tissue
endocardium - thin layer of connective tissue and endothelium

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24
Q

what are the layers of the pericardium?

A

2 layers:
1. outer, fibrous, tough sac = fibrous pericardium
2. inner serous sac which splits into 2 more layers:
- parietal pericardium
- visceral pericardium/ epicardium
cavity contains pericardial fluid for lubrication

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25
Q

what does the pericardium allow?

A

heart has room to move in the pericardium but effusion or bleeding into this space will constrict the heart as the fluid is trapped resulting in a cardiac tamponade.

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26
Q

Epicardium

A

outermost layer of heart wall
forms visceral layer of pericardium
composed of connective tissue and fat, the connective tissue secretes the lubricating fluid into the pericardial cavity
external surface is lined by simple squamous epithelial cells
subpericardial layer separates the epicardium from myocardium

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27
Q

myocardium

A

made of cardiac muscle

28
Q

endocardium

A

innermost layer of heart wall
lines the cavities and valves
similar to endothelial lining of blood vessels
loose connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium
subendocardial layer

29
Q

subendocardial layer

A

joins the endocardium and myocardium
contains loose fibrous tissue, vessels and nerves of heart
purkinje fibres are located here

30
Q

what does infective endocarditis do and what causes it?

A

affects valves
causes heart murmurs
caused by alpha haemolytic strep from dental work

31
Q

fibrous cartilage of the heart

A

dense collagen framework

forms 4 rings around openings of heart valves

32
Q

what does the fibrous cartilage of the heart do?

A

structural foundation of heart valves - keeps them open and prevents overstretching
anchors the myocardium
electrical insulator between atria and ventricles

33
Q

right atrium

A

receives blood from superior and inferior vena cava
and opening of coronary sinus
75% of cardiac venous return
25% empties into atria and ventricles via transmural and endomural systems
tricuspid valve into ventricle
fossa ovalis in interatrial septum

34
Q

right ventricle

A

ejects blood to lungs through pulmonary valve and pulmonary trunks

35
Q

left atrium

A

receives blood from 4 pulmonary veins

mitral valve into left ventricle - bicuspid

36
Q

left ventricle

A

pumps blood to systemic circulation through aortic valve

37
Q

how is the left side of the heart different from the right?

A

3 x more muscular than right

can generate 4-6 x the pressure of right side

38
Q

right side of the heart

A

weaker/ less muscular and generates less pressure than the left side.

39
Q

valve structure

A

made of mainly collagen layers with elastin and proteoglycan
allow for one way flow of blood

40
Q

how do the mitral and tricuspid valves work?

A

supported by chordae tendineae which are supported by papillary muscles which contract to put tension on chordae tendineae resisting pressure from blood trying to get back into atria

41
Q

how do the aortic and pulmonary/ semilunar valves work?

A

3 cusps
open by blood from ventricles pushing them out and collapsing them
close when blood in aorta/ pulmonary trunks tries to return to ventricles as it will fill the cusps first, opening them up and clasping them shut.

42
Q

what are all the coronary arteries?

A 
right coronary
left coronary
right marginal
left anterior descending
left marginal
posterior interventricular
circumflex
43
Q

what part of the heart does the right coronary supply?

A

right atrium
SAN
AVN
posterior part of interventricular septum

44
Q

what part of the heart does the right marginal supply?

A

right ventricle

apex

45
Q

what part of the heart does the posterior interventricular supply?

A

right and left ventricles

posterior 1/3 of interventricular septum

46
Q

what part of the heart does the left coronary supply?

A

left atrium and ventricle
interventricular septum
AV bundles

47
Q

what part of the heart does the left anterior descending supply?

A

right and left ventricle

anterior 2/3 of interventricular septum

48
Q

what part of the heart does the left marginal supply?

A

left ventricle

49
Q

what part of the heart does the circumflex artery supply?

A

left atrium and left ventricle

50
Q

morphology of skeletal muscle

A

long and cylindrical

51
Q

morphology of cardiac muscle

A

branched

52
Q

morphology of smooth muscle

A

spindle

53
Q

nuclei of skeletal muscle

A

many located peripherally

54
Q

nuclei of cardiac muscle

A

1 or 2 located centrally

55
Q

nuclei of smooth muscle

A

1 located centrally

56
Q

T tubules of skeletal muscle

A

yes, form triad with sarcoplasmic reticulum

57
Q

T tubules of cardiac muscle

A

yes, form dyad with sarcoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

T tubules of smooth muscle

A

no, have caveolae - lipid invaginations

59
Q

regulation of cross-bridge formation in skeletal muscle

A

troponin

60
Q

regulation of cross-bridge formation in cardiac muscle

A

troponin

61
Q

regulation of cross-bridge formation in smooth muscle

A

calmodulin activated by Ca2+ which activates myosin light chain kinase

62
Q

control of contraction of skeletal muscle

A

motor neurones

63
Q

control of contraction of cardiac muscle

A

autonomic nerves

64
Q

control of contraction of smooth muscle

A

autonomic nerves

hormones

65
Q

what pressure does the left side of the heart generate?

A

arterial pressure systemically = 120mmHg

systemic mean capillary pressure = 17mmHg

66
Q

what pressure does the right side of the heart generate?

A

systemic arterial pressure = 25mmHg

systemic mean capillary pressure = 7mmHg

Anatomy (16 decks)

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