Gait cycle Flashcards
what happens in the body in the standing position?
errector spinae iliopsoas triceps surae feet slightly splayed hips and knees extended ligaments taught
what does the iliotibial band do?
locks knee in hyperextension
rigid support pillar
stabilises knee extension and partial flexion in walking and running
what locks the knee in hyperextension?
iliotibial band
what does the popliteus do?
unlocks knee
lateral rotation of femur during stance
medially rotates tibia in swing
posterior pull on lateral meniscus preventing crushing in knee flexion
what are the phases of the gait cycle?
stance and swing phases
What is the stance phase?
60% of the gait cycle
divided into heel strike, support and toe-off
what is the swing phase?
40% cycle
divided into leg lift and swing
examples of pathological gaits?
trendelenberg foot drop spastic paresis hemiplegic parkinson's choreiform antalgic
ataxic gait
caused be damage to cerebellum uncoordinated unsteady staggering wide based
foot drop
hard to make heel strike
non controlled slap
hemiplegic gait
leg too long extension and internal rotation compensated by circumduction upper limb involvement should adduction flexion elbow pronation of wrist
parkinsonian gait
hypokinetic - difficulty initiating small shuffling steps progressive increase in speed hurrying difficulty stopping and turning stooped posture tremor
spastic paresis
cerebral palsy flexion of hips and knees adduction of hips ankles plantarflexed and internally rotated paralysis of dorsiflexors toe walking swinging gait tightness of adductors - scissoring upper limbs involved
limb too long gait
foot drop pelvic tilt paralysis/ contraction of soleus waddling swing out - abduction high stepping - extra hip and knee flexion
pes planus
flat foot
arch collapse
shin splints
anterior shin pain
compartment syndrome or stress fracture
ITB syndrome
long distance runners - overuse
causing pain on lateral side of knee
jumpers knee
inferior patella pain
heel strike
foot hits the ground - heel first
involves 3 muscles
what muscles are involved in heel strike?
gluteus maximus
quadriceps femoris
anterior compartment of the leg
role of gluteus maximus in heel-strike
acts on hip to decelerate forward motion of lower limb
role of quadriceps femoris in heel-strike
keeps the leg extended at knee and thigh flexed at hip
role of anterior compartment of leg in heel-strike
maintains ankle dorsiflexed
which is the position of heel strike
support
after heel-strike the rest of the foot hits the ground and muscles work to cope with the force passing through the leg
what muscles are involved in support?
quadriceps femoris
foot inverters and everters
gluteus minimus, medius and tensor fascia lata
role of quadriceps femoris in support
keep the thigh extended accepting the weight of the body
role of foot inverters and everters in support
contract in balanced manner to stabilise the foot
toe off
foot prepares to leave the ground - heel first
what muscles are involved in toe-off?
hamstring muscles
quadriceps femoris
posterior compartment of leg
role of hamstring muscles in toe-off
extends thigh at hip
role of quadriceps femoris in toe-off?
maintains extension of knee
role of posterior compartment of leg in toe off
plantarflexes ankle - gastrocnemius, soleus and tibialis posterior
leg lift
once the foot has left the ground the lower limb is raised in preparation for swing
what muscles are involved in leg lift?
iliopsoas and rectus femoris
hamstring muscles
anterior compartment of leg
role of iliopsoas and rectus femoris in leg lift
flexes thigh at hip, driving the knee forwards
role of hamstring muscles in leg lift
flexes leg at knee joint
role of anterior compartment of leg in leg lift
dorsiflexes ankle
swing
the raised leg is propelled forward
what muscles are involved in swing?
iliopsoas and rectus femoris
quadriceps femoris
anterior compartment of leg
role of ilipsoas and rectus femoris in swing
keep thigh flexed at hip
role of quadriceps femoris in swing
extends leg at knee, positioning the foot for landing
role of anterior compartment of the leg in swing
maintains ankle dorsiflexion so heel is in place for landing
what can cause foot drop and why
fracture or trauma to head of fibula as the common fibular nerve wraps around the fibula head
choreiform
irregular
jerky
involuntary movements
antalgic gait
results from pain on weight bearing
shortened stance phase
what causes slapping gait?
foot drop
what is a sprain?
injury to a ligament
what is a strain?
injury to muscle or tendon
