iCAST Flashcards
what differentiated group of cells forms at the 8 cell stage of development?
inner cell mass/ embryoblast
if at the 8 cell stage the embryo splits into 2 groups of cells to form monozygotic twins how many placentas will develop?
2
what is the name of the opening at the end of the penis?
external urethral meatus
what is the congenital malformation when the external urethral meatus is found on the underside of the penis?
hypospadias of glans penis/ penile shaft/ scrotum
what is the name of the surgical incision for a removal of the appendix?
McBurney’s incision at McBurney’s point
what are the anatomical landwards to determine where McBurney’s incision should be made?
lateral 1/3 of a line from the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus
what does hCG do?
sustains the corpus luteum so it can produce progesterone to keep the endometrium intact . After the 7th week of pregnancy the placenta takes over the role of the production of progesterone and the corpus luteum degenerates
what hormones are produced and released from the pituitary gland?
only from anterior pituitary growth hormone prolactin TSH LH FSH adrencorticotropin hormone
how does blood from the umbilical vein bypass the liver in the fetus?
blood is shunted through the ductus venosus
where are leydig cells found?
within the intersitium between seminiferous tubules. They secrete testosterone .
The development of which ductal system is promoted by testosterone?
mesonephric/ wolffian ducts
what are the surface anatomical landmarks for the spleen?
lies in the superolateral part of the left upper quadrant/ hypochondrium deep to the 9th/10th/11th ribs. Its long axis is parallel to the 10th rib and tip is posterior to the midaxillary line .
what structure runs through the mediastinum that is not a nerve or blood vessel?
thoracic duct
what is a lymph duct
a great lymphatic vessel that empties lymph into one of the subclavian veins .
what regions of the body does the thoracic duct drain?
all parts of the body except right side of head, neck, thorax and right upper limb
which structures need to be cut through to perform a C section?
transversalis fascia
extraperitoneal fat
parietal peritoneum
what are the names of the incisions made for C sections?
Pfannenstiel
Bikini line incision
what is the name of the opening anterior to the vagina?
female external urethral meatus
if a patient reports pain on micturition what diagnostic tests would be performed?
test for nitrites with a urinary dipstick in a midstream urine sample . This would indicate the presence of bacteria
which ion channels open to facilitate exocytosis of insulin-containing vesicles?
voltage-gated calcium ion channels
what obstetric emergency causes erb’s palsy?
shoulder dystocia
where is the synapse in the motor neuron pathway located?
anterior/ ventral horn of spinal cord
which hormones cause dilation of the cervix?
prostaglandins - PGE2
oxytocin
what is the name of the space found between the uterus and rectum?
rectouterine pouch/ pouch of douglas
what is the clinical significance of the pouch of douglas?
lowest point of the abdominal cavity thus fluid/ pus/ blood accumulates here during pelvic infection or bleeding
how is the pouch of douglas clinically examined?
digital rectal exam or bimanual digital vaginal exam
which clinical conditions would you see a swelling in the inguinal lymph nodes?
infection in the foot, leg, groin or superficial genitalia
in which clinical procedure is the sacral hiatus used?
caudal epidural block
what is found externally across the centre of the pelvic floor?
central perineal tendon
what are the cell types found in the lungs?
type 1 and 2 alveolar cells/ pneumocytes
what do type 1 alveolar cells do?
gas exchange
what do type 2 alveolar cells do?
surfactant secretion
what happens in respiratory distress syndrome?
type 2 pneumocytes don’t produce enough surfactant to reduce the surface tension of the alveoli enough to allow for survival until after 26-28 weeks of gestation . Without sufficient surfactant the alveoli collapse causing difficulty in breathing .
what is the physiological effect of obstruction of the bronchi by viscid secretions seen in patients with cystic fibrosis?
bronchiectasis - permanent dilation of the bronchioles
which groups of neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord?
autonomic preganglionic neurons
what muscles does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?
all the muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve
which of the recurrent laryngeal nerves are most likely to be damaged?
left because it has a longer course, extending down into the chest and loops under the aortic arch up to the larynx
what does the corpus luteum do?
produces progesterone which is responsible for decidualisation/ development and maintenance of the endometrium
which lymph nodes drain the labia majora?
superficial inguinal lymph nodes
what vertebral level is the tail of the pancreas found?
L1
what causes beta cells to depolarise in response to increased glucose concentration?
ATP generated by cellular respiration blocks potassium channels and prevents efflux of potassium ions
what does the pudendal nerve supply?
levator ani
what structure acts as an anatomical landmark for the nerve block of the pudendal nerve?
ischial spine
what are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve?
S2-4
pain fibres for the uterus and cervix
pain from the body and fundus enter CNS via sympathetic fibres to T11/12 - L2 so pain is felt in the back
pain from cervix enters the CNS via parasympathetic fibres to S2-4 so pain is felt in the perineum
where is dense regular connective tissue found?
tendons, collagen fibres are stained pink
how can pacinian corpuscles be tested?
vibration - tuning fork
what is the most likely pathology that affects the pacinian corpuscle?
diabetes - peripheral neuropathy
what are the ducts in the breast?
lactiferous duct
where is prolactin produced?
anterior pituitary
how and where is prolactin release inhibited?
inhibition by dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus
which hormones are involved in regulation of blood pressure?
mineralocorticoids
where are mineralocorticoids released?
zona glomerulosa
what is the surface landmark of the right horizontal fissure?
rib 4
how to describe the location of a breast lump?
left or right upper or lower quadrant medial or lateral quadrant location on clock face how far from the areola
what structure might a deep cancer of the breast become fixed?
pectoralis major muscle
what are the 2 component parts of the placenta?
chorion frondosum and decidua basalis
chorion frondosum
fetal placenta
decidua basalis
maternal placenta
across which layer of the placenta does the transfer of nutrients from maternal to fetal blood occur?
syncytiotrophoblastic layer
what are the components of the triple assessment of a breast lump?
clinical examination
imaging - mammogram or ultrasound
tissue analysis - biopsy or fine needle aspiration
what is the anatomical landmark for the hyoid bone?
C3
what is the anatomical landmark for the upper border of the thyroid cartilage?
C4
what is the anatomical landmark for the cricoid cartilage?
C6
what is the anatomical landmark for the junction of pharynx and oesophagus?
C6
what innervates the sweat glands?
sympathetic fibres
what neurotransmitter and receptor mediate the control of the action of sweat glands?
acetylcholine and muscarinic 3 - M3 receptor
where are the ovaries located?
behind the uterus, held by the broad ligament
where does the ovarian vein drain into?
renal vein
A woman had irregular periods that lasted for a couple of
years and stopped all together 6 months ago.
Blood tests reveal an elevated FSH and LH and decreased
levels of AMH and oestradiol. What is the most likely cause of
her amenorrhea?
premature ovarian failure/ menopause
classified as hypergonatrophic hypogonadism
reduction in AMH and oestradiol indicates issues with ovaries
secondary amenorrhea
periods since puberty but have since stopped
at what vertebral level is the carina located?
T4/5
sternal angle
what respiratory epithelial lining is found at the carina level?
pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells
which lymph nodes drain the axillary tail of the breast?
axillary lymph nodes
why can patients appear cyanosed when pulse oximetry tests indicate O2 saturation of 80%
pulse oximetry measures O2 sats in arterial blood .
Cyanosis presents when deoxyhaemoglobin levels reach 5g/dL in capillary blood. 5g/dL deoxyHb is equivalent to 67% O2 saturation
because the Hb-O2 curve is shifted to the right in capillary blood so equates to approx 80% O2 sats in arterial blood .
what is it called when there is a transient increase in blood flow to a tissue or organ following a TIA?
reactive hyperaemia
