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Anatomy > iCAST > Flashcards

iCAST Flashcards

1
Q

what differentiated group of cells forms at the 8 cell stage of development?

A

inner cell mass/ embryoblast

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2
Q

if at the 8 cell stage the embryo splits into 2 groups of cells to form monozygotic twins how many placentas will develop?

A

2

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3
Q

what is the name of the opening at the end of the penis?

A

external urethral meatus

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4
Q

what is the congenital malformation when the external urethral meatus is found on the underside of the penis?

A

hypospadias of glans penis/ penile shaft/ scrotum

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5
Q

what is the name of the surgical incision for a removal of the appendix?

A

McBurney’s incision at McBurney’s point

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6
Q

what are the anatomical landwards to determine where McBurney’s incision should be made?

A

lateral 1/3 of a line from the anterior superior iliac spine and the umbilicus

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7
Q

what does hCG do?

A

sustains the corpus luteum so it can produce progesterone to keep the endometrium intact . After the 7th week of pregnancy the placenta takes over the role of the production of progesterone and the corpus luteum degenerates

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8
Q

what hormones are produced and released from the pituitary gland?

A 
only from anterior pituitary
growth hormone
prolactin
TSH
LH
FSH
adrencorticotropin  hormone
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9
Q

how does blood from the umbilical vein bypass the liver in the fetus?

A

blood is shunted through the ductus venosus

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10
Q

where are leydig cells found?

A

within the intersitium between seminiferous tubules. They secrete testosterone .

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11
Q

The development of which ductal system is promoted by testosterone?

A

mesonephric/ wolffian ducts

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12
Q

what are the surface anatomical landmarks for the spleen?

A

lies in the superolateral part of the left upper quadrant/ hypochondrium deep to the 9th/10th/11th ribs. Its long axis is parallel to the 10th rib and tip is posterior to the midaxillary line .

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13
Q

what structure runs through the mediastinum that is not a nerve or blood vessel?

A

thoracic duct

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14
Q

what is a lymph duct

A

a great lymphatic vessel that empties lymph into one of the subclavian veins .

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15
Q

what regions of the body does the thoracic duct drain?

A

all parts of the body except right side of head, neck, thorax and right upper limb

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16
Q

which structures need to be cut through to perform a C section?

A

transversalis fascia
extraperitoneal fat
parietal peritoneum

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17
Q

what are the names of the incisions made for C sections?

A

Pfannenstiel

Bikini line incision

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18
Q

what is the name of the opening anterior to the vagina?

A

female external urethral meatus

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19
Q

if a patient reports pain on micturition what diagnostic tests would be performed?

A

test for nitrites with a urinary dipstick in a midstream urine sample . This would indicate the presence of bacteria

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20
Q

which ion channels open to facilitate exocytosis of insulin-containing vesicles?

A

voltage-gated calcium ion channels

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21
Q

what obstetric emergency causes erb’s palsy?

A

shoulder dystocia

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22
Q

where is the synapse in the motor neuron pathway located?

A

anterior/ ventral horn of spinal cord

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23
Q

which hormones cause dilation of the cervix?

A

prostaglandins - PGE2

oxytocin

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24
Q

what is the name of the space found between the uterus and rectum?

A

rectouterine pouch/ pouch of douglas

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25
Q

what is the clinical significance of the pouch of douglas?

A

lowest point of the abdominal cavity thus fluid/ pus/ blood accumulates here during pelvic infection or bleeding

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26
Q

how is the pouch of douglas clinically examined?

A

digital rectal exam or bimanual digital vaginal exam

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27
Q

which clinical conditions would you see a swelling in the inguinal lymph nodes?

A

infection in the foot, leg, groin or superficial genitalia

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28
Q

in which clinical procedure is the sacral hiatus used?

A

caudal epidural block

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29
Q

what is found externally across the centre of the pelvic floor?

A

central perineal tendon

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30
Q

what are the cell types found in the lungs?

A

type 1 and 2 alveolar cells/ pneumocytes

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31
Q

what do type 1 alveolar cells do?

A

gas exchange

32
Q

what do type 2 alveolar cells do?

A

surfactant secretion

33
Q

what happens in respiratory distress syndrome?

A

type 2 pneumocytes don’t produce enough surfactant to reduce the surface tension of the alveoli enough to allow for survival until after 26-28 weeks of gestation . Without sufficient surfactant the alveoli collapse causing difficulty in breathing .

34
Q

what is the physiological effect of obstruction of the bronchi by viscid secretions seen in patients with cystic fibrosis?

A

bronchiectasis - permanent dilation of the bronchioles

35
Q

which groups of neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord?

A

autonomic preganglionic neurons

36
Q

what muscles does the recurrent laryngeal nerve innervate?

A

all the muscles of the larynx except the cricothyroid which is innervated by the superior laryngeal nerve

37
Q

which of the recurrent laryngeal nerves are most likely to be damaged?

A

left because it has a longer course, extending down into the chest and loops under the aortic arch up to the larynx

38
Q

what does the corpus luteum do?

A

produces progesterone which is responsible for decidualisation/ development and maintenance of the endometrium

39
Q

which lymph nodes drain the labia majora?

A

superficial inguinal lymph nodes

40
Q

what vertebral level is the tail of the pancreas found?

A

L1

41
Q

what causes beta cells to depolarise in response to increased glucose concentration?

A

ATP generated by cellular respiration blocks potassium channels and prevents efflux of potassium ions

42
Q

what does the pudendal nerve supply?

A

levator ani

43
Q

what structure acts as an anatomical landmark for the nerve block of the pudendal nerve?

A

ischial spine

44
Q

what are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve?

A

S2-4

45
Q

pain fibres for the uterus and cervix

A

pain from the body and fundus enter CNS via sympathetic fibres to T11/12 - L2 so pain is felt in the back
pain from cervix enters the CNS via parasympathetic fibres to S2-4 so pain is felt in the perineum

46
Q

where is dense regular connective tissue found?

A

tendons, collagen fibres are stained pink

47
Q

how can pacinian corpuscles be tested?

A

vibration - tuning fork

48
Q

what is the most likely pathology that affects the pacinian corpuscle?

A

diabetes - peripheral neuropathy

49
Q

what are the ducts in the breast?

A

lactiferous duct

50
Q

where is prolactin produced?

A

anterior pituitary

51
Q

how and where is prolactin release inhibited?

A

inhibition by dopaminergic neurons in the hypothalamus

52
Q

which hormones are involved in regulation of blood pressure?

A

mineralocorticoids

53
Q

where are mineralocorticoids released?

A

zona glomerulosa

54
Q

what is the surface landmark of the right horizontal fissure?

A

rib 4

55
Q

how to describe the location of a breast lump?

A 
left or right
upper or lower quadrant
medial or lateral quadrant
location on clock face 
how far from the areola
56
Q

what structure might a deep cancer of the breast become fixed?

A

pectoralis major muscle

57
Q

what are the 2 component parts of the placenta?

A

chorion frondosum and decidua basalis

58
Q

chorion frondosum

A

fetal placenta

59
Q

decidua basalis

A

maternal placenta

60
Q

across which layer of the placenta does the transfer of nutrients from maternal to fetal blood occur?

A

syncytiotrophoblastic layer

61
Q

what are the components of the triple assessment of a breast lump?

A

clinical examination
imaging - mammogram or ultrasound
tissue analysis - biopsy or fine needle aspiration

62
Q

what is the anatomical landmark for the hyoid bone?

A

C3

63
Q

what is the anatomical landmark for the upper border of the thyroid cartilage?

A

C4

64
Q

what is the anatomical landmark for the cricoid cartilage?

A

C6

65
Q

what is the anatomical landmark for the junction of pharynx and oesophagus?

A

C6

66
Q

what innervates the sweat glands?

A

sympathetic fibres

67
Q

what neurotransmitter and receptor mediate the control of the action of sweat glands?

A

acetylcholine and muscarinic 3 - M3 receptor

68
Q

where are the ovaries located?

A

behind the uterus, held by the broad ligament

69
Q

where does the ovarian vein drain into?

A

renal vein

70
Q

A woman had irregular periods that lasted for a couple of
years and stopped all together 6 months ago.
Blood tests reveal an elevated FSH and LH and decreased
levels of AMH and oestradiol. What is the most likely cause of
her amenorrhea?

A

premature ovarian failure/ menopause
classified as hypergonatrophic hypogonadism
reduction in AMH and oestradiol indicates issues with ovaries

71
Q

secondary amenorrhea

A

periods since puberty but have since stopped

72
Q

at what vertebral level is the carina located?

A

T4/5

sternal angle

73
Q

what respiratory epithelial lining is found at the carina level?

A

pseudo-stratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells

74
Q

which lymph nodes drain the axillary tail of the breast?

A

axillary lymph nodes

75
Q

why can patients appear cyanosed when pulse oximetry tests indicate O2 saturation of 80%

A

pulse oximetry measures O2 sats in arterial blood .
Cyanosis presents when deoxyhaemoglobin levels reach 5g/dL in capillary blood. 5g/dL deoxyHb is equivalent to 67% O2 saturation
because the Hb-O2 curve is shifted to the right in capillary blood so equates to approx 80% O2 sats in arterial blood .

76
Q

what is it called when there is a transient increase in blood flow to a tissue or organ following a TIA?

A

reactive hyperaemia

Anatomy (16 decks)

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