Medications (MSK, Neuro, CVP) Flashcards
ACE Inhibitors
ACE: prevent conversion of angiotensin I to II
-pril
well tolerated
side effects:
- persistent dry cough
- OH
Alpha Adrenergic Antagonists
-zosin
reduces peripheral vascular tone
arteriole and venous dilation
decreases BP
side effects: OH, dizziness, palpitations, drowsiness
doxazosin, prazosin, terazosin
Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist (ARBs)
ARBs: block angiotensin II
limits vasoconstriction and stimulation of vascular tissue
side effects: dizziness, back and leg pain, angina pectoris
-sartan
Nitrates
vasodilation
- veins: decrease cardiac preload
sublingual tablet/spray, or patch
side effects:
- OH
- headache, dizziness
- nausea
- reflex tachycardia
Antiarrhythmics
Class 1. sodium channel blocker
Class 2. beta blocker
Class 3. potassium channel blocker
Class 4. calcium channel blocker
side effects: exacerbation of cardiac arrhythmias, dizziness, hypotension
Calcium Channel Blockers
-dipine
diminish myocardial contraction, vasodilation, decreased oxygen demand of heart
side effects: dizziness, headache, hypotension, peripheral edema
Anticoagulant
prevent clot formation and platelet aggregation
side effects: increased risk of bleeding
heparin, coumadin (warfarin)
Antiplatelet (antithrombotic)
inhibits platelet activation to prevent clotting
aspirin (could be used acutely)
clopidogrel (plavix) stronger antiplatelet
- important after stent placement
side effects: hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, liver toxicity
Beta Blockers
-olol
acts on beta 1 receptors (located on the heart)
reduces HR and contractility to decrease CO
side effects:
- cannot use HR as a guide to exercise (use RPE)
- OH
Diuretic
-thiazide
act on kidneys to increase sodium and water excretion
- decreased blood volumes = decreased CO
side effects:
- electrolyte imbalance
- fluid depletion –> can lead to OH (increases fall risk)
thiazide: end in thiazide
loop: furosemide (lasix)
potassium sparing: spironolactone (aldactone)
Antihyperlipidemia agents (Statins)
break down LDL, decrease triglycerides, increase HDLs
side effects:
myalgia
GI distress
headache
nausea
Positive Inotropic
increase force and velocity of myocardial contraction
slow HR
decrease conduction through AV node
decrease activation of SympNS
side effects: arrhythmias, GI distress, blurred vision, dizziness
Thrombolytic
facilitate clot dissolution by converting plasminogen to plasmin
plasmin: breaks down clots and allows occluded vessels to reopen to maintain blood flow
side effects: hemorrhage, allergic reaction, arrhythmia
kinlytic (urokinase), activate (alteplase)
Antihistamine
block effects of histamine resulting in a decrease in nasal congestion, mucosal irritation, and symptoms of common cold and allergies
side effects: postural hypotension, arrhythmias, GI distress, dizziness, thickening of bronchial secretions
Anti-inflammatory
corticosteroid
leukotriene modifiers
mast cell stabilizers
help prevent inflammatory-mediated bronchoconstriction by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cells
suppressing the release of inflammatory mediators
reversing capillary permeability, in turn reducing airway edema
side effects
corticosteroids: OP, skin breakdown, damage of supporting tissues, nasal irritation and dryness, bloody mucus, sneezing
leukotriene: liver dysfunction
mast cells: bronchospasm, throat and nasal irritation, GI distress
Bronchodilator
relieve bronchospasm by stimulating the receptors that cause bronchial smooth muscle relaxation
blocking receptors that trigger bronchoconstriction
side effects:
dry mouth, GI distress, chest pain, palpitations, tremor, nervousness
anticholinergic: atrovent
sympathomimetic: albuterol
xanthine derivative: aminophylline
Expectorant
increase respiratory secretions which helps loosen mucus
reduces the viscosity of secretions and increases sputum volume improves efficiency of cough
side effects:
GI distress, drowsiness
mucinex
Mucolytic
decreases viscosity of mucus secretions by altering their composition and consistency, making them easier to expectorate
administered via nebulizer
side effects:
pharyngitis, oral mucosa inflammation, rhinitis, chest pain
pulmozyme, mucosil/mucomyst
Antiepileptic
reduce or eliminate seizure activity within the brain by attempting to inhibit firing of certain cerebral neurons through various effects on CNS
side effects: ataxia, behavioral changes, headaches, blurred vision, GI distress, weight gain
secobarbital, clonazepam, gabapentin (neurontin), carbamazepine
Antispasticity
promote relaxation in a spastic muscle through agents binding selectively within CNS or within skeletal muscle cells to reduce spasticity
side effects: drowsiness, confusion, headache, dizziness, muscle weakness, tolerance, dependence, hepatotoxicity
baclofen, diazepam, dantrolene, tizanidine
Cholinergic
direct: mimic ACh and bind directly to the cholinergic receptor to activate and create a response at the cellular level
- duvoid, pilocar
indirect: increase cholinergic synapse activity through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (which destroys ACh)
- aricept, tensilon, prostigmin, cognex
side effects: GI distress, impaired visual accommodation, bronchoconstriction, bradycardia, flushing, other parasympathetic effects
Dopamine Replacement
assist in relieving the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease 2/2 decrease in endogenous dopamine
side effects: arrhythmias, GI distress, OH, dyskinesia, mood and behavioral changes, tolerance
levodopa, amantadine
Muscle Relaxant
promote relaxation in muscles that typically present with spasm that is a continuous, tonic contraction
side effects: sedation, drowsiness, dizziness, n/v, headaches, tolerance, dependence
