Genitourinary And Obstetrics

Question 1

Female genitals

Answer 1

external genitalia, vagina, cervix and uterus, uterine/fallopian tubes, ovaries

Question 2

Male genitals

Answer 2

penis, scrotum, testes, epididymis, vas/ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate

Question 3

Urinary system

Answer 3

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Question 4

Common female GI pathologies

Answer 4

uterine prolapse: uterus and cervix fall into the vagina (degree of descent varies)

endometriosis: endometrial tissue develops in extrauterine location(s)

cervical cancer

Question 5

Common obstetric pathologies

Answer 5

diastasis recti: >2 finger width separation of rectus abdominis that can occur during pregnancy

symphysis pubis pain: joint becomes mobile during labor to prepare for slight separation during delivery

coccydynia: referred pain to low back, hip, buttock, rectum from hypermobile sacrococcygeal joint

piriformis syndrome: severe radiating low back and buttock pain (sciatic paresthesia) spanning from sacrum to hip/lateral thigh due to piriformis spasm/shortening (postural changes and ER w/ gait)

avoid laying supine after 1st trimester (increases pressure on inferior vena cava and decreases CO; L sidelying alleviates pressure and increases CO)

Question 6

Common male GI pathologies

Answer 6

erectile dysfunction: inability to maintain an erection sufficient for sex

prostatitis: inflammation of the prostate due to infection or backup in the gland

Question 7

Common urinary pathologies

Answer 7

UTI: bacteria infiltrates urethra or further up into bladder; can spread and cause kidney infection
-sxs: cloudy urine, frequency, pain/burning with urination

neurogenic bladder: damage to cerebral control affects ability to properly relieve bladder; can lead to increased UTIs and kidney damage

urinary incontinence
- stress: loss of urine due to activities that cause increased abdominal pressure (sneezing, coughing, laughing)
- urge: loss of urine due to sudden and intense urge to void from detrusor muscle spasm (triggers are key-in-lock and running water); large part of falls in elderly (from rushing to bathroom)
- overflow: loss of urine due to capacity above urethra’s ability to stay closed during bladder filling
- functional: loss of urine due to inability or unwillingness to use bathroom facilities, most often due to immobility or cognitive/mental incapacity

Question 8

Common kidney pathology

Answer 8

renal failure: decrease in GFR; inability to filter out waste, sodium, and excess fluid from the blood to be excreted in urine
-acute: sudden deterioration
-chronic: prolonged/progressive deterioration
-end-stage: nearly total/total renal failure where dialysis is required

Stages of Kidney Disease
stage 1: min kidney disease with normal GFR (90 or greater)
stage 2: mild GFR decrease (60-89)
stage 3: mod GFR decrease (30-59)
stage 4: severe GFR decrease (15-29)
stage 5: kidney failure (less than 15)

hemodialysis: blood taken from body, cleaned, and inserted back into body; typically 3x/week for 3-5 hrs/session

Question 9

Muscular responses during micturition (urination)

Answer 9

contraction of the detrusor muscle
relaxation of pelvic floor muscles