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Nursing Exam Study - Rasmussen > MDC2Exam1 > Flashcards

MDC2Exam1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the normal lab values for sodium?

A

136-145

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2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?

A

SALT LOSS, Seizures/Stupor, Abdominal cramping, Lethargic, Trouble concentrating, Low urine output, Orthostatic hypotension, Spasm of muscles, Shallow Respirations

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3
Q

What causes hyponatremia?

A

fluid overload, liver disease, adrenal insufficiency, low intake, excessive use of diuretics

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4
Q

What are the nursing interventions for hyponatremia?

A

restrict fluids, consume foods rich in sodium

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5
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

A

fever, fluid retention, restlessness, agitation, orthostatic hypotension, dry mucous membranes, edema

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6
Q

What causes hypernatremia?

A

hypercortisolism, increases sodium intake, GI feeding, dehydration

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7
Q

What are the nursing interventions for hypernatremia?

A

restrict sodium intake, patient safety

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8
Q

what IV fluids will be given for hypernatremia?

A

typically, isotonic, 0.9% saline

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9
Q

what are the average lab values for potassium?

A

3.5 - 5.0

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10
Q

what causes hypokalemia?

A

laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids, heavy liquid loss, inadequate intake, too much water intake, DKA

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11
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

A

Lethargic, low shallow respirations, leg cramps, lethal cardiac changes, limp muscles, low BP and HR

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12
Q

what are the nursing interventions for hypokalemia?

A

Cardiac assessments, hold lasix, respiratory assessment, respiratory assessment, watch magnesium level

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13
Q

what causes hyperkalemia?

A

burns, tissue damage, acidosis, excessive potassium intake, adrenal insufficiency, NSAIDs , ace inhibitors

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14
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?

A

muscles weakness, weak pulse, low BP, low urine production, muscle twitching, respiratory and cardiac failure, cardiac rhythym changes

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15
Q

what are the nursing interventions for hyperkalemia?

A

stop IV potassium infusions/supplements, potassium restrictive diet, kayexelate oral/enema, prepare for dialysis

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16
Q

what IV fluids will be given for hyperkalemia

A

Hypertonic
Insulin may be given via IV to help potassium absorption

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17
Q

What is the normal range for calcium

A

9.0-10.5

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18
Q

what causes hypocalcemia?

A

inadequate oral intake, lactose intolerance, diarrhea, malabsporption syndromes

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19
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

A

frequent painful muscle spasms, abdominal cramping, diarrhea

20
Q

what are the nursing interventions for hypocalcemia?

A

assess trousseaus, and chvosteks sign

21
Q

what IV fluids are given for hypocalcemia?

A

IV calcium

22
Q

What causes hypercalcemia?

A

excessive oral intake, excessive oral intake of vitamin C, kidney failure

23
Q

what are the signs and symptoms for hypercalcemia?

A

increases HR and BP, severe muscle weakness, hypoactive bowel sounds

24
Q

what IV fluids are given for hypercalcemia?

A

0.9% sodium chloride

25
Q

What are the normal ranges for magnesium?

A

1.8 - 2.6

26
Q

what causes hypomagnesemia?

A

inadequate oral intake, loop or thiazide diuretics, diarrhea

27
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesmia?

A

hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, hypertension

28
Q

what causes hypermagnesemia?

A

excessive intake, IV magnesium replacement

29
Q

what are the signs and symptoms for hypermagnesemia?

A

lethargic, hypotension, EKG changes, arrhythmias, lessened deep tendon reflex, respiratory/cardiac arrest.

30
Q

what IV fluids are given for hypermagnesemia?

A

IV calcium

31
Q

Do cancer cells have a smaller or larger nuclear cytoplasmic ratio?

A

larger nuclear cytoplasmic ratio

32
Q

What are the stages of cancer development?

A

initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis

33
Q

What happens during the initiation stage of cancer development?

A

irreversible damage to cells

34
Q

what happens in the promotion stage of cancer development?

A

enhanced growth of cells by substances known as promoters

35
Q

What happens during the progression stage of cancer development?

A

a detectable tumor has formed

36
Q

what happens during the metastasis stage of cancer development?

A

cancer cells move from the primary location of growth

37
Q

what are some examples of primary cancer prevention?

A

skin protection when out in the sun, vaccinations, avoid a diet high in fat and low in fiber

38
Q

what are some secondary prevention strategies to avoid cancer?

A

regular screening

39
Q

What are nursing interventions for radiation dermatitis?

A

wash with mild soap and water

40
Q

what are the nursing interventions for mucositosis?

A

fluid replacement, no spicy foods, cool water, frequent oral care with a soft bristled tooth brush

41
Q

What are some oncological emergencies?

A

sepsis, SIADH, SVC, tumorlysis syndrome

42
Q

What are the interventions for SVC?

A

immediately raise the head of the bed, and order high dose radiation therapy

43
Q

What is the RAAS system?

A
  1. a condition signals decreased tissue perfusion
  2. this stimulates the secretion of renin
  3. renin is secreted along with angiogestin 1 and angiogestin 2
    3a. this casues rapid constrictions of arteries and veins and increases peripheral resistance. decreases urine formation, increases absorption of water and sodium
  4. maintenance of adequate tissue perfusion
44
Q

What does high fever cause?

A

fluid loss

45
Q

when should a patient call a provider about daily weights?

A

if they have more than a 3 pound weight gain within a week.

Nursing Exam Study - Rasmussen (11 decks)

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