MDC2Exam1

Question 1

What are the normal lab values for sodium?

Answer 1

136-145

Question 2

What are the signs and symptoms of hyponatremia?

Answer 2

SALT LOSS, Seizures/Stupor, Abdominal cramping, Lethargic, Trouble concentrating, Low urine output, Orthostatic hypotension, Spasm of muscles, Shallow Respirations

Question 3

What causes hyponatremia?

Answer 3

fluid overload, liver disease, adrenal insufficiency, low intake, excessive use of diuretics

Question 4

What are the nursing interventions for hyponatremia?

Answer 4

restrict fluids, consume foods rich in sodium

Question 5

What are the signs and symptoms of hypernatremia?

Answer 5

fever, fluid retention, restlessness, agitation, orthostatic hypotension, dry mucous membranes, edema

Question 6

What causes hypernatremia?

Answer 6

hypercortisolism, increases sodium intake, GI feeding, dehydration

Question 7

What are the nursing interventions for hypernatremia?

Answer 7

restrict sodium intake, patient safety

Question 8

what IV fluids will be given for hypernatremia?

Answer 8

typically, isotonic, 0.9% saline

Question 9

what are the average lab values for potassium?

Answer 9

3.5 - 5.0

Question 10

what causes hypokalemia?

Answer 10

laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids, heavy liquid loss, inadequate intake, too much water intake, DKA

Question 11

what are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

Answer 11

Lethargic, low shallow respirations, leg cramps, lethal cardiac changes, limp muscles, low BP and HR

Question 12

what are the nursing interventions for hypokalemia?

Answer 12

Cardiac assessments, hold lasix, respiratory assessment, respiratory assessment, watch magnesium level

Question 13

what causes hyperkalemia?

Answer 13

burns, tissue damage, acidosis, excessive potassium intake, adrenal insufficiency, NSAIDs , ace inhibitors

Question 14

what are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?

Answer 14

muscles weakness, weak pulse, low BP, low urine production, muscle twitching, respiratory and cardiac failure, cardiac rhythym changes

Question 15

what are the nursing interventions for hyperkalemia?

Answer 15

stop IV potassium infusions/supplements, potassium restrictive diet, kayexelate oral/enema, prepare for dialysis

Question 16

what IV fluids will be given for hyperkalemia

Answer 16

Hypertonic
Insulin may be given via IV to help potassium absorption

Question 17

What is the normal range for calcium

Answer 17

9.0-10.5

Question 18

what causes hypocalcemia?

Answer 18

inadequate oral intake, lactose intolerance, diarrhea, malabsporption syndromes

Question 19

what are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?

Answer 19

frequent painful muscle spasms, abdominal cramping, diarrhea

Question 20

what are the nursing interventions for hypocalcemia?

Answer 20

assess trousseaus, and chvosteks sign

Question 21

what IV fluids are given for hypocalcemia?

Answer 21

IV calcium

Question 22

What causes hypercalcemia?

Answer 22

excessive oral intake, excessive oral intake of vitamin C, kidney failure

Question 23

what are the signs and symptoms for hypercalcemia?

Answer 23

increases HR and BP, severe muscle weakness, hypoactive bowel sounds

Question 24

what IV fluids are given for hypercalcemia?

Answer 24

0.9% sodium chloride

Question 25

What are the normal ranges for magnesium?

Answer 25

1.8 - 2.6

Question 26

what causes hypomagnesemia?

Answer 26

inadequate oral intake, loop or thiazide diuretics, diarrhea

Question 27

What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesmia?

Answer 27

hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, hypertension

Question 28

what causes hypermagnesemia?

Answer 28

excessive intake, IV magnesium replacement

Question 29

what are the signs and symptoms for hypermagnesemia?

Answer 29

lethargic, hypotension, EKG changes, arrhythmias, lessened deep tendon reflex, respiratory/cardiac arrest.

Question 30

what IV fluids are given for hypermagnesemia?

Answer 30

IV calcium

Question 31

Do cancer cells have a smaller or larger nuclear cytoplasmic ratio?

Answer 31

larger nuclear cytoplasmic ratio

Question 32

What are the stages of cancer development?

Answer 32

initiation, promotion, progression, metastasis

Question 33

What happens during the initiation stage of cancer development?

Answer 33

irreversible damage to cells

Question 34

what happens in the promotion stage of cancer development?

Answer 34

enhanced growth of cells by substances known as promoters

Question 35

What happens during the progression stage of cancer development?

Answer 35

a detectable tumor has formed

Question 36

what happens during the metastasis stage of cancer development?

Answer 36

cancer cells move from the primary location of growth

Question 37

what are some examples of primary cancer prevention?

Answer 37

skin protection when out in the sun, vaccinations, avoid a diet high in fat and low in fiber

Question 38

what are some secondary prevention strategies to avoid cancer?

Answer 38

regular screening

Question 39

What are nursing interventions for radiation dermatitis?

Answer 39

wash with mild soap and water

Question 40

what are the nursing interventions for mucositosis?

Answer 40

fluid replacement, no spicy foods, cool water, frequent oral care with a soft bristled tooth brush

Question 41

What are some oncological emergencies?

Answer 41

sepsis, SIADH, SVC, tumorlysis syndrome

Question 42

What are the interventions for SVC?

Answer 42

immediately raise the head of the bed, and order high dose radiation therapy

Question 43

What is the RAAS system?

Answer 43

1. a condition signals decreased tissue perfusion 2. this stimulates the secretion of renin 3. renin is secreted along with angiogestin 1 and angiogestin 2 3a. this casues rapid constrictions of arteries and veins and increases peripheral resistance. decreases urine formation, increases absorption of water and sodium 4. maintenance of adequate tissue perfusion

Question 44

What does high fever cause?

Answer 44

fluid loss

Question 45

when should a patient call a provider about daily weights?

Answer 45

if they have more than a 3 pound weight gain within a week.