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MD2001 > MD2001 Week 9 > Flashcards

MD2001 Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what does the speed of a nerve impulse depend on? (2)

A
  1. diameter of the axon

2. whether axon is myelinated or not

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2
Q

how does diameter of nerve cell affect how nerve impulse passes? (2)

A
  1. resistance

2. capacitance

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3
Q

normal conductance rate of action potential

A

10m/s

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4
Q

what increases the frequency of the action potential?

A

an greater depolarizing current increases this

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5
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disease attacking oligodendrocyte myelin

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6
Q

where do action potentials occur on a myelinated nerve cell?

A

they occur at the nodes of ranvier

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7
Q

what diameter would a nerve have be better off unmyelinated?

A

it would have a diameter

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8
Q

outline the common sense model

A

health message -> representation of illness risk -> coping procedures -> appraisal

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9
Q

5 components of illness perception

A
  1. identity
  2. consequence
  3. timeline
  4. cause
  5. cure
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10
Q

define health promotion

A

process of enabling people to take control over and improve their health

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11
Q

downstream vs upstream causes

A

downstream: immediate (ex. infectious agent)
upstream: source (ex. education)

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12
Q

top-down vs bottom-up priorities

A

top-down: priorities set by health promoters

bottom-up: priorities set by individuals

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13
Q

5 approaches to health promotion

A
  1. medical/preventive approach
  2. behavioural change approach (ie. persuasive education)
  3. education approach (ie. provide info and let them decide)
  4. empowerment approach
  5. social change approach
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14
Q

incidence vs prevalence

A

incidence: # of new cases
prevalence: proportion of pop w/ disease

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15
Q

calculate (absolute) risk

A

number of events/total population at risk

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16
Q

calculate relative risk

A

risk in group 1/risk in group 2

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17
Q

calculate (absolute) risk difference

A

risk in group 1 - risk in group 2

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18
Q

calculate relative risk reduction

A

(1-relative risk) x 100

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19
Q

calculate number needed to treat (to save one person)

A

1/absolute risk reduction(difference)

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20
Q

what does odds ratio find?

A

what calculation determines if a factor is more likely to occur in a particular group of people

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21
Q

rate ratio

A

ratio b/w two mortality rates

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22
Q

hazard ratio

A

rate ratio for a certain period of time

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23
Q

confidence intervals

A

a range of plausible values

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24
Q

cross-sectional study

A

snapshot of a pop without follow-up; to find prevalence

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25
Q

case-control study

A

look at differences in exposure b/w cases with outcome and cases without outcome; to find cause

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26
Q

cohort study

A

select cases w/ exposure and cases w/out exposure and follow up on outcome; to find cause/prognosis/incidence

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27
Q

randomized controlled trial (RCT)

A

group random ppl into intervention or control then compare risk of outcomes b/w groups; to find treatment effect

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28
Q

confounding

A

true relationship “confused” by a third factor

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29
Q

3 stages of treatment delay

A
  1. appraisal delay: time to interpret a symptom as illness
  2. illness delay: time b/w recognizing illness and seeking help
  3. utilization delay: time b/w seeking help and using health services
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30
Q

3 types of violence

A
  1. self-direction
  2. interpersonal
  3. collective
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31
Q

3 levels of violence prevention

A
  1. primary “upfront” - taking action before risk factor emerges
  2. secondary “in the thick” - reacting to presence of risk factors
  3. tertiary “aftermath” - reducing re-occurence of violence
32
Q

how many cervical vertebrae are there?

A

there are 7 of these vertebrae

33
Q

what is the synovial joint found in vertebrae?

A

zygapophyseal joint

34
Q

what is the secondary cartilaginous joint found in vertebrae?

A

intervertebral discs of fibrocartilage

35
Q

what levels of vertebral column lies the posterior longitudinal ligaments?

A

this ligament lies from C2-sacrum

36
Q

what levels of vertebral column lies the anterior longitudinal ligaments?

A

this ligament lies from occipital bone to sacrum

37
Q

what ligaments connect the articular laminae?

A

ligaments flava

38
Q

what levels of vertebral column lies the ligament niche?

A

this ligament lies from foramen magnum-C7

39
Q

what does the anterior longitudinal ligament continue as at the top?

A

this ligament continues as the ant. atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital membranes

40
Q

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament continue as at the top?

A

this ligament continues as the tectorial membrane

41
Q

what ligament continues as the pos. atlanto-axial and atlanto-occipital membranes?

A

ligamentum flavour continues as this at the top

42
Q

what ligament joins the dens and the foramen magnum and stops excess rotation?

A

alar ligament

43
Q

ligament that prevents excess movement b/w axis, atlas and occiput, and holds dens and atlas together

A

cruciate ligament

44
Q

what are the veins b/w the body and spine of vertebrae called?

A

internal vertebral venous plexus

45
Q

what 3 muscles lie inferior to the trapezius?

A
  1. levator scapulae
  2. rhomboid minor
  3. rhomboid major
46
Q

what does the trapezius extend to longitudinally?

A

this muscle extends from skull to T12

47
Q

what does the trapezius do?

A

this muscle extends neck, retracts, and abducts scapula

48
Q

what is the latissimus dorsi connected to?

A

this muscle is connected to the iliac crest, spines T6-T12, lower ribs, humerus

49
Q

what muscle moves the shoulder joint?

A

latissimus dorsi does this

50
Q

what muscle raises and adducts the scapula?

A

levator scapulae does this

51
Q

what do the splenius capitis and cervicis connect to?

A

these muscles connect to skull, transfer processes, ligament nuchae, C and T spines

52
Q

what do the splenius capitis and cervicis do?

A

these muscles extend, rotate, and laterally flex the neck

53
Q

these muscle connect to skull, trans processes, spine, supraspinous ligaments, ribs

A

erector spinae connect to these bones

54
Q

what 3 sections is the iliocostalis muscle divided into?

A

this muscle is divided into cervicis, thoracis, and lumborum

55
Q

what is the deepest layer of intrinsic back muscle?

A

transversospinalis

56
Q

what is the highest transversospinalis muscle?

A

semispinalis is the highest muscle in this group of muscles

57
Q

what muscles make up the sub-occipital triangle of muscles?

A

rectus capitis + oblique capitis

58
Q

characteristic of electrical synapses?

A

synaptic clefts touch in this type of synapse

59
Q

size of gap b/w synaptic clefts

A

20nm

60
Q

how do peptide neurotransmitters move across nerve?

A
  • pre-peptide precursors and enzymes move down microtubule tracks
  • enzymes modify peptide neurotransmitters
  • NTs transmit message then diffuse away and is degraded by proteolytic enzymes
61
Q

neurotransmitter steps in bouton (5)

A
  1. budding
  2. storage
  3. docking
  4. priming
  5. exocitosis
62
Q

list the SNARE proteins (4)

A
  1. SNAP-25
  2. syntaxin
  3. synaptobrevin
  4. synaptotagmin
63
Q

types of post synaptic potential summations (2)

A
  1. spatial summation

2. temporal summation

64
Q

differences b/w EPSPs and action potentials (4)

A
  1. do not move along axon
  2. no voltage gated currents; caused by ligand gating
  3. Na+ and K+ flow through same channel
  4. no refractory period
65
Q

how do local anaesthetics work?

A

they work by reversibly blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels

66
Q

put these in order of loss by local anaesthetic: proprioception, skeletal muscle tone, pain, temperature

A
  1. pain
  2. temperature
  3. proprioception
  4. skeletal muscle tone
67
Q

what does the ability of a local anaesthetic depend on? (5)

A
  1. diameter of axon
  2. myelination status
  3. length of nerve
  4. length of time exposed to drug
  5. drug concentration
68
Q

does drug become more ionized or unionized when pH decreases?

A

drug becomes more ionized when pH does this

69
Q

what does the lasting effect of an ester- containing local anaesthetic depend on? (3)

A
  1. blood flow
  2. action of plasma esterases
  3. hydrophobicity of drug
70
Q

risk of administering adrenaline

A

administering this lends a risk to ischaemia

71
Q

side effects of local anaesthetic

A
  1. dysrhythmias
  2. sudden fall in BP
  3. CNS issues: restlessness, tremors, convulsions, etc. (due to less binding of IPSPs)
72
Q

channelopathy

A

condition resulting from mutation in channel function

73
Q

conductance

A

1/resistance; reflects number of ion channels open at a moment

74
Q

optimum pH extra and intracellularly for local anaesthetic effect

A

basic extracellularly, acidic intracellularly

75
Q

what does the specificity theory of pain propose?

A

this theory proposes that pain has a separate sensory system

76
Q

what does the pattern theory of pain propose?

A

this theory proposes that pain results from pattern of type of stimulation

MD2001 (9 decks)

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