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MD2001 > MD2001 Week 3 > Flashcards

MD2001 Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

5 roles of proteins

A
  1. provide structure (collagen)
  2. transport molecule (haemoglobin, LDL)
  3. defence (antibodies)
  4. biological catalysts (lysozyme)
  5. regulation of genes (lac repressor)
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2
Q

what is the prosthetic group in haemoglobin

A

haem is the prosthetic group in this molecule

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3
Q

what disease is caused by a mutation in the histidine residues of LDL receptors?

A

hypercholesterolemia

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4
Q

how does lac repressor work?

A

it binds to DNA and prevents expression of the genes in absence of lactose

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5
Q

draw histidine

A

draw histidine

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6
Q

draw aspartate

A

draw aspartate

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7
Q

draw proline

A

draw proline

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8
Q

3 basic amino acids

A
  1. histidine
  2. arginine
  3. lysine
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9
Q

2 acidic amino acids

A
  1. aspartate

2. glutamate

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10
Q

4 polar amino acids w/ uncharged R groups

A
  1. asparagine
  2. glutamine
  3. serine
  4. threonine
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11
Q

8 hydrophobic amino acids

A
  1. leucine
  2. isoleucine
  3. valine
  4. tyrosine
  5. alanine
  6. tryptophan
  7. methionine
  8. phenylalanine
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12
Q

pH - pKa = log[BH+]/[B]

A

Henderson Hasselbach Equation

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13
Q

What is the pKa of aspartate?

A

this amino acid’s pKa is 4.5

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14
Q

Biological significance of pKa?

A

dissociation largely occurs over 2 pH units centred around it so small changes in pH of environment can cause significant changes in charge carried

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15
Q

example of receptor-mediated endocytosis and how it works

A

uptake of low-density lipoprotein is an example of this type of endocytosis. pH in endosome reduces to 5, causing histidine residue to change confirmation of LDL (pK 6.5), releasing the LDL into lysosome

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16
Q

condensation reaction

A

this reaction occurs in peptide bond formation

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17
Q

which amino acid is frequently found in bends/loops?

A

proline is frequently found in this protein structure

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18
Q

3 layers of blood vessels

A
  1. tunica intima
  2. tunica media
  3. tunica adventitia
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19
Q

what and where is the fossa ovalis?

A

it is the remnant of the foramen ovale and is found in R atrium

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20
Q

what does the foramen ovale do?

A

it allows oxygenated blood form mother to by-pass non-functional foetal lungs

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21
Q

what benefit do muscular ridges give to the heart?

A

they give power of contraction w/out making heart walls too thick

22
Q

what connect valve cusps of the heart to muscular ridges?

A

papillary muscles

23
Q

what do the papillary muscles and tendinous cords prevent in the heart?

A

these structures prevent cusp eversion in the heart

24
Q

main parts of coronary veins

A
  1. great cardiac vein
  2. middle cardiac vein
  3. small cardiac vein
  4. coronary sinus
25
Q

what nerve supplies the SA node?

A

vagus nerve supplies this heart structure

26
Q

internal cardiac conduction pathway

A

SA node -> AV node -> bundle of His -> interventricular septum -> either ventricle

27
Q

which muscles are striated?

A

cardiac and skeletal muscle

28
Q

which muscles have intercalated disks?

A

cardiac and smooth muscle

29
Q

in which type of blood vessel is elastic tissue abundant?

A

this type of tissue is abundant in large blood vessels like the aorta

30
Q

5 bonds found in tertiary structure

A
  1. H-bonds
  2. van der waals
  3. hydrophobic interactions
  4. ionic interactions
  5. disulphide bonds
31
Q

4 examples of quaternary structure

A
  1. mechanosensitive conductance channel (7 identical subunits)
  2. stored insulin (6 identical subunits)
  3. heterotrimeric G protein (3 diff. subunits)
  4. 70S ribosome (30 diff. subunits)
32
Q

proteins that make up haemoglobin

A

2 alpha global and 2 beta global chains make up this molecule

33
Q

what holds haem and oxygen in place in haemoglobin?

A

H- bonds from histidine F8 holds Haem, and histidine E7 stabilizes oxygen

34
Q

explain cooperative oxygen binding in haemoglobin

A

affinity of first O2 is low but binding of subsequent O2 is increased b/c histidine F8 changes position upon O2 binding

35
Q

biological significance of cooperative oxygen binding

A

small changes in [O2] results in large changes in interaction of haemoglobin w O2. Means tight O2 binding in lungs and release in tissues where [O2] low

36
Q

sickle cell anaemia

A

disease caused by hydrophilic glutamic acid replaced by hydrophobic valine

37
Q

structure of tropocollagen helix and amino acids involved

A

3 polypeptide chains w/ a L-handed twist wound in a R-handed supercoil by glycine and (hydroxy)proline.

38
Q

explain formation of the molecule that stabilizes the collagen fibre

A

lysine deaminated by lysol oxidase into its aldehyde derivative allysine. 2 Allysines combine to form Aldol condensation product

39
Q

3 diseases involving collagen and their causes

A
  1. Osteogenesis imperfect (glycine replaced by cysteine)
  2. Scurvy (lack of proline hydroxylation)
  3. Ehlers-Danloss Syndrome (lack of pro collagen peptidase or lysol oxidase)
40
Q

draw arterial and venous flow

A

draw arterial and venous flow

41
Q

how does blood flow through veins? (3)

A
  1. muscle pump
  2. arterial pulsation
  3. intrathoracic pressure
42
Q

what vein drains the thoracic wall?

A

azygos vein drains this

43
Q

major lymph vessel of the L and R side respectively

A

thoracic duct (more major) and right lymphatic duct

44
Q

3 palpable nodes

A
  1. cervical node
  2. axillary nodes
  3. inguinal nodes
45
Q

cisterna chyli

A

lymph sac on thoracic duct

46
Q

where do the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

they drain into the junction of the subclavian and internal jugular on either side

47
Q

types of bones (5)

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
  5. sesamoid
48
Q

where are fibrous joints found? (3)

A
  1. suture joints
  2. syndesmosis
  3. sacroiliac joint
49
Q

example of an ellipsoid joint

A

metacarpophalangeal or atlanto-occipital joint

50
Q

fusiform muscle

A

spindle shaped muscle w/ belly and tapered ends

MD2001 (9 decks)

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