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MD2001 > MD2001 Week 8 > Flashcards

MD2001 Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

amount of Cl- extra and intracellularly

A

110mM extracellularly, 5mM intracellularly of this ion

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2
Q

amount of CHCO3- extra and intracellularly

A

27mM extracellularly, 10mM intracellularly of this ion

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3
Q

amount of Ca2+ extra and intracellularly

A

2mM extracellularly, minimal intracellularly of this ion

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4
Q

amount of Mg2+ extra and intracellularly

A

1mM extracellularly, 10mM intracellularly of this ion

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5
Q

pH extra and intracellularly

A

7.4 and 7.0 respectively

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6
Q

what is included in the permeability constant equation?

A
  • mobility
  • gas constant
  • absolute temp
  • membrane thickness
  • partition coefficient
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7
Q

how does Na+ get pulled through voltage gate?

A

negatively charged amino acids pull this ion from its water shell so it is small enough to diffuse

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8
Q

how does K+ get pulled through its voltage gate?

A

carbonyl oxygens strip water from this ion so its small enough to pass this channel

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9
Q

structure of an aquaporin

A
  • 6 trans-membrane alpha helices
  • tri-amino acid motif (asparagine-proline-alanine)
  • organized into a tetramer
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10
Q

how does vasopressin work?

A

this drug increases water re-adsorption in kidneys by up-regulation of AQP-2 channels (AQP-3 channels constant)

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11
Q

membrane of an ovum

A

zona pellucida

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12
Q

what happens when 8 cells are created in an ovum?

A

compaction occurs here

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13
Q

16+ cell ovum

A

morula

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14
Q

stage of embryo at 4.5 days

A

blastocyst: trophoblast and inner cell mass (embryo blast) + blastocoel + trophectoderm

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15
Q

when does blastocyst bind to uterus wall?

A

this occurs in embryological development at 5.5-6 days

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16
Q

how does the embryonic pole attach to the uterine wall?

A

anti-adhesion molecule MUC-1 is down regulated so that selectins on embryo bind to glyco-components on uterus

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17
Q

what three membrane proteins are involved in penetration of uterine wall by the embryo?

A

integrins, laminin, and fibronectin

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18
Q

what happens 1 week into embryological development?

A
  • trophoblast differentiates into syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast
    syncytiotrophoblast invades via MMPs
  • epiblast and hypoblast form
  • amniotic cavity forms within epiblast
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19
Q

what happens 9 days into embryological development?

A
  • spaces develop within syncitiotrophoblast
  • hypoblast coats blastocoel to form primary yolk sac
  • amnion formed
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20
Q

what happens 1.5 weeks into embryological development?

A
  • chorionic cavity forms behind hypoblast
  • blastocyst burrows completely into endometrium
  • syncytiotrophoblasts erode capillaries which bleed into spaces
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21
Q

unsuccessful outcomes of human pregnancies and their likelihood

A

pre-implantation: 30%
post-implantation: 30%
miscarriage: 10%

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22
Q

teratogen

A

something that causes malformation of an embryo

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23
Q

effects of foetal alcohol spectrum disorder

A
  • growth retardation
  • CNS damage
  • facial defects: cleft lip, small jaw, wide set eyes, dental/digit issues, small head, short
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24
Q

2 examples of primary active transport (other than Na+/K+) and where they are found

A
  1. Ca2+ ATPase transporter - cell membrane and sarcoplasmic reticulum
  2. H+ ATPase transporter - parietal cells of gastric glands (HCl secretion) and intercalated cells of renal tubules (control blood pH)
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25
Q

types of glucose transporters

A 
GLUT1: placenta and brain
GLUT2: transepithelial
GLUT3: brain
GLUT4: skeletal muscle (insulin dependent)
GLUT5: intestinal absorption of fructose
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26
Q

example of a symporter

A

example of this type of active transport is sodium glucose linked transporter (SGLT)

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27
Q

Na+ to glucose uptake ratio of SLGT2

A

Na+ to glucose uptake ratio of this isoform is 1:1

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28
Q

which SGLT isoform is found in the intestine?

A

SGLT1 is found here

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29
Q

where are SGLTs commonly found?

A

these type of transporters are commonly found in kidney and intestines

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30
Q

what active transporter is found in every cell?

A

the Na+/K+ pump is found here

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31
Q

mass and power of an alpha subunit of Na+/K+ pump

A

100kDa, 100,000MW

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32
Q

what structure keeps cell membrane potential in nerve cells?

A

Na+/K+ pump maintains this in nerve cells

33
Q

What are the Kms for Na+ and K+ w/ the pump respectively?

A

their Kms are 20mM and 1mM respectively

34
Q

what does cardiac glycoside digoxin inhibit?

A

this drug inhibits K+ binding site n the Na+/K+ pump

35
Q

equation for therapeutic index

A

dose producing toxicity in 50% of pop./minimum effective dose for 50% of pop.

36
Q

Remifentanil

A

analgesia used during labour; high therapeutic index

37
Q

therapeutic index of digoxin

A

its therapeutic index is 2:1

38
Q

what do diuretics treat?

A

these drugs treat hypertension and oedema

39
Q

what drug should not be given along with furosemide?

A

digoxin should not be given alongside this drug to prevent digoxin toxicity

40
Q

antidote for digoxin toxicity

A

Digibind

41
Q

K+ levels of hypokalaemia

A

K+ levels

42
Q

K+ levels of hyperkalaemia

A

K+ levels >5.5mEq/L

43
Q

symptoms of hypokalaemia

A
  • abnormal herat rhythms
  • muscle damage
  • muscle weakness or spasms
  • paralysis
44
Q

furosemide

A

a common diuretic

45
Q

symptoms of hyperkalaemia

A
  • nausea
  • palpitations
  • muscle weakness
46
Q

device to record membrane potentials

A

oscilloscope

47
Q

steps of an action potential

A
  1. depolarization reaches threshold
  2. depolarization increases PNa+ and PK+
  3. PNa+ shoots up, causing depolarization to +30mV
  4. PNa+ decreases and potential depolarizes while PK+ increases
  5. PK+ decreases and membrane potential goes back to rest
48
Q

what structure on the epiblast defines the anterior?

A

anterior visceral endoderm

49
Q

these cells migrate into the primitive streak to form mesoderm and replace hypoblast cells to form endoderm

A

epiblast cells migrate through this structure to form mesoderm and endoderm

50
Q
  1. segments of mesoderm
A
  1. paraxial
  2. intermediate
  3. lateral
51
Q

how are somites made?

A

notch signalling forms these with FGF signal working on a 90min cycle

52
Q

what forms in front of the primitive node b/w the two layers?

A

notochord forms here

53
Q

what growth factor is key in neurulation?

A

bone morphogenic protein

54
Q

what does the notochord release to block BMP effects and develop back/neural tissue instead? (3)

A
  1. chordin
  2. noggin
  3. follistatin
55
Q

Spemann and Mangold’s experiment

A

experiment where double node makes double dorsum

56
Q

why type of epithelium is neurectoderm made of?

A

this embryological structure is made of columnar epithelium

57
Q

what happens at week 4 of embryological development?

A

neural tube fuses at this point of embryological development

58
Q

2 neural tube defects

A
  1. anencephaly (rostral neuropore)

2. spina bifida (caudal neuropore_

59
Q

what do neural crest cells differentiate into?

A
  1. cranial nerve ganglia
  2. dorsal root ganglia
  3. autonomic ganglia
  4. adrenal medulla
  5. Schwann cells
  6. craniofacial skeleton
  7. parafollicular (C) cells
  8. melanocytes
    etc.
60
Q

2 neural crest disorders

A
  1. Waardenburg’s syndrome

2. teacher collins syndrome

61
Q

how is the gut formed in embryological development?

A

amniotic cavity cuts off part of yolk sac which becomes this

62
Q

Meckels diverticulum

A

remnants of the vitelline duct (yolk sac/gut connection)

63
Q

outline the scientific method

A
  • observation/experiment
  • explanation
  • prediction
  • experimentation
  • confirmation of hypothesis
  • peer review
  • publication
64
Q

types of primary studies

A
  • direct experimentation (in vitro/vivo)
  • clinical trials
  • surveys
65
Q

types of secondary studies

A
  • review
  • systematic review (includes all primary research studies)
  • meta-analysis (includes data from all studies)
66
Q

selective toxicity

A

method where drugs are toxic to antigen but harmless to host

67
Q

antibiotics active against bacterial cell membrane and their mechanisms (5)

A
  1. beta-lactam and cephalosporin: prevent PGN cross-linking
  2. glycopeptide: prevent transglycol/peptidation
  3. cyclic peptide: prevent PGN from exiting membrane
  4. phosphonic acid: inhibit first stage of PGN synthesis
  5. lipopeptides: Ca2+-dependent membran depolarisation
68
Q

dimer of PGN

A

N-acetylglucoseamine + N-acetylmuramic acid

69
Q

beta-lactamase resistant penicillins (5)

A
  1. methicillin
  2. oxacillin
  3. nafcillin
  4. cloxacillin
  5. dicloxacillin
70
Q

2 parenteral cephalospores

A
  1. cefuroxime

2. cefotaxime

71
Q

2 bacterial folate antagonists

A
  1. sulphonamide

2. trimethoprim

72
Q

example of selective toxicity

A

bacterial folate antagonists are an example of this antibiotic method

73
Q

how do amino glycosides work?

A

they inhibit protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosome and preventing mRNA reading

74
Q

how do tetracyclines work?

A

they prevent tRNA from attaching to ribosome

75
Q

these three antibiotics prevent association of peptidyl-transferase w/ amino acid

A

chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and clindamycin do this

76
Q

how does fluoroquinolone work?

A

inhibits bacterial DNA topoisomerase II (DNA gyrate), which is used to unwind DNA for transcription

77
Q

3 broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone

A
  1. ciprofloxacin
  2. ofloxacin
  3. norfloxacin
78
Q

2 narrow-spectrum drugs

A
  1. cinoxacin

2. nalidixic acid

79
Q

original Nernst equation

A

Ex = [RT/zF]lnblablabla

MD2001 (9 decks)

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