MD2001 Week 5 Flashcards
C-reactive protein
an acute phase protein that binds to antigen to perform opsonization
opsonin
substance that coats antigen and enhances ability of phagocytes on antigen
which interferon is only produced by T cells
its gamma type is only produced by T cells
which two lymphocytes can directly kill infected cells?
T cells and NK cells
describe the anatomical structure of an antibody
has 2 identical binding sites (Fab) and Fc that binds to Fc receptor or complement
3 complement functions
- lysis
- chemotaxis
- opsonization
what 2 things help phagocytes bind to antigen?
- opsonization
2. antibody
what is used to make antibodies?
toxoids (inactive toxin) are used to make this
3 failures of the immune system
- hypersensitivity
- immunodeficiency
- autoimmunity
2 main sections of the oral cavity
- oral vestibule
2. oral cavity proper
what are the 2 muscles of facial expression?
- orbicularis iris
2. buccinator
what connects the 2 maxilla?
suture joint connects this oral bone structure
2 parts of the mandible
- ramus
2. body
muscle of the tongue
genioglossus
muscle between mandible and hyoid bone under the tongue
mylohyoid
2 main arches of the soft palate
- palatopharyngeal arch
2. palatoglossal arch
where is pain referred to upon injury of oral palate?
referred pain to middle ear
3 salivary glands
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
bursa lying behind stomach
omental bursa/lesser sac
what does the greater omentum attach to
this fold of peritoneum attaches transfer mesocolon
folds of the peritoneum that attach structures to posterior abdominal wall
mesentery
ligament found in greater omentum
gastrocolic ligament
what artery supplies the foregut, midgut, and hindgut respectively?
coeliac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric supply these structures respectively
where is pain from foregut referred to?
pain from this part of GI is referred to T5-9
where is pain from midgut referred to?
pain from this part of GI is referred to T10/11
where is pain from hindgut referred to?
pain from this part of GI is referred to T12
what nerve supplies the pylorus?
vagus nerve supplies this GI structure
pathway of collagen in cell
- pro collagen made in RER then released out of cell through Golgi by tubular structure
- Peptides chopped off to form tropocollagen
- cross-linked to form collagen
membrane tube that makes collagen fibrils
fibripositor
proteoglycans’ roles
- matrix support/cushion/hydration
- glue-like
- link b/w proteins in ECM + cell surface
what functional groups do glycosaminoglycans either have?
they either contain sulphate or carbonic acid groups
what connects collagen and proteoglycans to integrin
fibronectin
2 functions of myofibroblasts
- secrete collagen like fibroblasts
2. smooth muscle-like
what anchors cadherin to actin in adherens?
catenin
proteins found in plaque in desmosomes (2)
- desmoplakin
2. plakoglobin
types of cadherins found in desmosomes
- desmocollins
2. desmogleins
basic structure of junction b/w cytoskeleton and
- collagen/proteoglycan
- fibronectin
- integrin
- anchor protein
- actin
disorder caused by absence of dystrophin
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
drug that overrides premature stop signal mutation in Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy to produce dystrophin
ataluren
carcinoma in situ
cancer stage where tumour cells have not breached basement membrane
3 stages of cell adhesion in cancer
- carcinoma in situ
- micro invasive carcinoma
- invasive carcinoma
what happens in micro invasive carcinoma? (4)
- cadherin expression reduced
- cells convert to mesenchymal cells
- MMPs secrete which degrade basement membrane
- interns overexpressed
what happens in invasive carcinoma?
- angiogenesis (making new blood vessels)
- entry into lymphatic/blood system -> metastasis
how do normal microbiota fight infection?
- compete w/ pathogens for colonization site
- produce antibiotic substances
- may produce toxic metabolic products to inhibit bacterial growth
- may alter pH
commensal
term for normal host microbiota
pathogenicity
capacity to cause disease
3 types of pathogens
- obligate
- conditional
- opportunistic
tissue tropism of influenza virus
this virus’s tissue tropism is tracheal epithelium
tissue tropism of vibrio cholerae
this bacterium’s tissue tropism is intestinal epithelium
tissue tropism of H. pylori
this bacterium’s tissue tropism is gastric mucosa
tissue tropism for varicella zoster virus (VZV)
this virus’s tropism is nerve cells
which type of toxins are turned into toxoids for vaccine use?
exotoxins are used for this
antibiotic resistance of bacteria
- resistance genes on plasmids
- production of enzymes
- impermeability
- efflux mechanism of antibiotics
- alteration of target site on antibiotic
what 3 factors affect transmission of microbial infection?
- # of microorganisms shed
- microorganisms stability in environment
- # of microorganism needed to infect
types of microbial transmission
- horizontal and vertical transmission
- human-human
- zoonoses
- fomite transmission- nosocomial
zoonoses
disease that can be transmitted to humans through animals
fomite
objects capable of carrying infection
what is the only junction found in the small intestine?
duodenojejunal junction/flexure
3 absorptive structures of the small intestine
- microvill
- villi
- circular folds
what GI structures are retroperitoneal?
descending to ascending part of duodenum, ascending and descending colon, last 1/3 of rectum and anal canal
4 parts of the duodenum
- superior part
- descending part
- inferior part
- ascending part
which part of the duodenum receives the ampulla of Vater?
the 2nd part (descending) of duodenum receives this structure
functions of duodenum (3)
- neutralise gastric acid
- digestion (esp. fat)
- absorption
where does the ileum end?
it ends at the ileocaecal junction
what level of vertebrae lies the duodenum?
this GI structure found at L1-L3/L4
which arteries supply the duodenum
coeliac trunk and SMA supply this GI structure via gastroduodenal artery
outline artery supply to jejunum
SMA -> jejunal arteries -> arcades -> vasa recta
what is the appendix full of?
this GI structure is full of lymphoid tissue
what separates the transverse and the descending colon?
the splenic flexure separates these two GI sections
from where does the SMA carry nerves?
this artery carries its nerves from T10-11
epithelium in anal canal
epithelium in this GI structure is stratified squamous
where does anal canal become skin, and supplied by somatic nerves?
these things change in the anal canal at the pectinate line
ischioanal fossa
fat filled space lateral to anal canal
where do the sup. and inf. rectal arteries/veins branch from respectively?
these arteries/veins branch from the IMA/V and int. iliac respectively
divisions of the perineum and its divisor
divided into anterior urogenital triangle and posterior anal triangle at ischial tuberosities
thin connective tissue layer that sends attentions into the liver
Glisson’s capsule
liver cells
hepatocytes
lobes of the liver (clockwise)
right, caudate, left, quadrate
ligaments of the liver
- coronary
- left triangular
- falciform
- round
what enters the porta hepatis?
the portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, bile passages) enters the liver here
where is the bare area?
this liver feature is located on interior of R lobe
liver function (4)
- make bile
- store glucose, glycogen, proteins, vitamins, fats
- detoxify metabolic waste
- make blood clotting factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin) and anticoagulant factors
constituents of bile
bile pigments (chiefly bilirubin), bile salts, fats, water, electrolytes
what are bile pigments derived from and what performs this process?
they are derived from breakdown products of haemoglobin by Kupffer cells
what structures does the liver touch?
this organ touches the diaphragm, stomach, hepatic flexure, kidney, gallbladder
areas of porto-systemic anastomoses
- lower oesophagus
- umbilicus
- colon
- anus
sections of the gall bladder
- fundus
- body
- neck
describe the biliary system from top to duodenum
right/left hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, bile duct, pancreatic duct, ampulla of Vater, sphincter of Oddi, duodenal papilla
sections of the pancreas
- uncinate process
- head
- neck
- body
- tail
where is the portal vein?
this structure is behind the pancreas at L1
functions of skin (3)
- homeostasis (ex. temp regulation)
- sensation
- protection (ex. melanin)
what structure anchors basal lamina to dermis?
Collagen VII anchors these together
condition where collagen VII is mutated
Dystrophic epidermolysis bulls
what is the main component of karatohyaline granules?
main component of these protein structures is filaggrin
roles of filaggrin
- aid keratin filament aggregation
2. inhibits water loss
keratinization disorder
ichthyosis vulgaris
role of melanin
absorbs UV-B and prevents DNA damage to hypodermis
how do Langerhans cells degrade viruses?
in this cell, Langerin degrades virus in endosomes called Birbeck granules
layers of dermis
- papillary
2. reticular
what layer of skin produces vitamin D?
hypodermis produces this vitamin
structures of a hair follicle
- bulb
- shaft
- pilosebaceous unit (arrestor pili muscle, sebaceous gland)
periodontal membrane
fibrous joint b/w teeth and skull
pain receptors
nociceptors
touch receptors and location
Meissner’s corpuscles and fine touch Merkel cells in s. basale
pressure receptor and location
pacinian corpuscles in dermis
vibration receptor and location
Meissner’s corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles in dermis
oncosis
ischaemic cell death characterized by swelling
steatosis
infiltration of liver cells w/ fat
what characteristics of injury does response to injury depend on? (3)
- acute vs chronic
- mild vs severe
- cell type
6 types of necrosis
- coagulative
- colliquative (brain)
- caseous (macrophages)
- gangrene
- fibrinoid (vessels)
- fat necrosis
apoptosis vs necrosis
- single cell death
- ATP-dependent
- cell membrane maintained
- cell shrinkage and fragmentation
- no inflammatory response
- dead cells phagocytes by neighbouring cells
labile cells
cells that easily regenerate
stable cells
cells that somewhat regenerate
permanent cells
cells that cannot regenerate
characteristics of primary intention
- little/no tissue lost
- clean incision
- minimal necrosis
- mostly acute inflammation
- collagen fills hole
characteristics of secondary intention
- granulation tissue
- fibrin, necrotic tissue
- myofibroblasts
systemic and local factors influencing would healing
- systemic: age, nutrition, hormones, metabolism, circulation etc.
- local: infection, foreign bodies, size/location/type of wound
manubrium
upper part of sternum
where is the tracheal muscle?
this muscle found posterior to trachea
