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MD2001 > MD2001 Week 5 > Flashcards

MD2001 Week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

C-reactive protein

A

an acute phase protein that binds to antigen to perform opsonization

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2
Q

opsonin

A

substance that coats antigen and enhances ability of phagocytes on antigen

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3
Q

which interferon is only produced by T cells

A

its gamma type is only produced by T cells

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4
Q

which two lymphocytes can directly kill infected cells?

A

T cells and NK cells

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5
Q

describe the anatomical structure of an antibody

A

has 2 identical binding sites (Fab) and Fc that binds to Fc receptor or complement

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6
Q

3 complement functions

A
  1. lysis
  2. chemotaxis
  3. opsonization
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7
Q

what 2 things help phagocytes bind to antigen?

A
  1. opsonization

2. antibody

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8
Q

what is used to make antibodies?

A

toxoids (inactive toxin) are used to make this

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9
Q

3 failures of the immune system

A
  1. hypersensitivity
  2. immunodeficiency
  3. autoimmunity
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10
Q

2 main sections of the oral cavity

A
  1. oral vestibule

2. oral cavity proper

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11
Q

what are the 2 muscles of facial expression?

A
  1. orbicularis iris

2. buccinator

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12
Q

what connects the 2 maxilla?

A

suture joint connects this oral bone structure

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13
Q

2 parts of the mandible

A
  1. ramus

2. body

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14
Q

muscle of the tongue

A

genioglossus

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15
Q

muscle between mandible and hyoid bone under the tongue

A

mylohyoid

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16
Q

2 main arches of the soft palate

A
  1. palatopharyngeal arch

2. palatoglossal arch

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17
Q

where is pain referred to upon injury of oral palate?

A

referred pain to middle ear

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18
Q

3 salivary glands

A
  1. parotid
  2. submandibular
  3. sublingual
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19
Q

bursa lying behind stomach

A

omental bursa/lesser sac

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20
Q

what does the greater omentum attach to

A

this fold of peritoneum attaches transfer mesocolon

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21
Q

folds of the peritoneum that attach structures to posterior abdominal wall

A

mesentery

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22
Q

ligament found in greater omentum

A

gastrocolic ligament

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23
Q

what artery supplies the foregut, midgut, and hindgut respectively?

A

coeliac, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric supply these structures respectively

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24
Q

where is pain from foregut referred to?

A

pain from this part of GI is referred to T5-9

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25
Q

where is pain from midgut referred to?

A

pain from this part of GI is referred to T10/11

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26
Q

where is pain from hindgut referred to?

A

pain from this part of GI is referred to T12

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27
Q

what nerve supplies the pylorus?

A

vagus nerve supplies this GI structure

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28
Q

pathway of collagen in cell

A
  1. pro collagen made in RER then released out of cell through Golgi by tubular structure
  2. Peptides chopped off to form tropocollagen
  3. cross-linked to form collagen
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29
Q

membrane tube that makes collagen fibrils

A

fibripositor

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30
Q

proteoglycans’ roles

A
  • matrix support/cushion/hydration
  • glue-like
  • link b/w proteins in ECM + cell surface
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31
Q

what functional groups do glycosaminoglycans either have?

A

they either contain sulphate or carbonic acid groups

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32
Q

what connects collagen and proteoglycans to integrin

A

fibronectin

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33
Q

2 functions of myofibroblasts

A
  1. secrete collagen like fibroblasts

2. smooth muscle-like

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34
Q

what anchors cadherin to actin in adherens?

A

catenin

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35
Q

proteins found in plaque in desmosomes (2)

A
  1. desmoplakin

2. plakoglobin

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36
Q

types of cadherins found in desmosomes

A
  1. desmocollins

2. desmogleins

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37
Q

basic structure of junction b/w cytoskeleton and

A
  1. collagen/proteoglycan
  2. fibronectin
  3. integrin
  4. anchor protein
  5. actin
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38
Q

disorder caused by absence of dystrophin

A

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

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39
Q

drug that overrides premature stop signal mutation in Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy to produce dystrophin

A

ataluren

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40
Q

carcinoma in situ

A

cancer stage where tumour cells have not breached basement membrane

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41
Q

3 stages of cell adhesion in cancer

A
  1. carcinoma in situ
  2. micro invasive carcinoma
  3. invasive carcinoma
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42
Q

what happens in micro invasive carcinoma? (4)

A
  1. cadherin expression reduced
  2. cells convert to mesenchymal cells
  3. MMPs secrete which degrade basement membrane
  4. interns overexpressed
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43
Q

what happens in invasive carcinoma?

A
  • angiogenesis (making new blood vessels)

- entry into lymphatic/blood system -> metastasis

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44
Q

how do normal microbiota fight infection?

A
  • compete w/ pathogens for colonization site
  • produce antibiotic substances
  • may produce toxic metabolic products to inhibit bacterial growth
  • may alter pH
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45
Q

commensal

A

term for normal host microbiota

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46
Q

pathogenicity

A

capacity to cause disease

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47
Q

3 types of pathogens

A
  1. obligate
  2. conditional
  3. opportunistic
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48
Q

tissue tropism of influenza virus

A

this virus’s tissue tropism is tracheal epithelium

49
Q

tissue tropism of vibrio cholerae

A

this bacterium’s tissue tropism is intestinal epithelium

50
Q

tissue tropism of H. pylori

A

this bacterium’s tissue tropism is gastric mucosa

51
Q

tissue tropism for varicella zoster virus (VZV)

A

this virus’s tropism is nerve cells

52
Q

which type of toxins are turned into toxoids for vaccine use?

A

exotoxins are used for this

53
Q

antibiotic resistance of bacteria

A
  • resistance genes on plasmids
  • production of enzymes
  • impermeability
  • efflux mechanism of antibiotics
  • alteration of target site on antibiotic
54
Q

what 3 factors affect transmission of microbial infection?

A
  1. # of microorganisms shed
  2. microorganisms stability in environment
  3. # of microorganism needed to infect
55
Q

types of microbial transmission

A
  • horizontal and vertical transmission
  • human-human
  • zoonoses
  • fomite transmission- nosocomial
56
Q

zoonoses

A

disease that can be transmitted to humans through animals

57
Q

fomite

A

objects capable of carrying infection

58
Q

what is the only junction found in the small intestine?

A

duodenojejunal junction/flexure

59
Q

3 absorptive structures of the small intestine

A
  1. microvill
  2. villi
  3. circular folds
60
Q

what GI structures are retroperitoneal?

A

descending to ascending part of duodenum, ascending and descending colon, last 1/3 of rectum and anal canal

61
Q

4 parts of the duodenum

A
  1. superior part
  2. descending part
  3. inferior part
  4. ascending part
62
Q

which part of the duodenum receives the ampulla of Vater?

A

the 2nd part (descending) of duodenum receives this structure

63
Q

functions of duodenum (3)

A
  1. neutralise gastric acid
  2. digestion (esp. fat)
  3. absorption
64
Q

where does the ileum end?

A

it ends at the ileocaecal junction

65
Q

what level of vertebrae lies the duodenum?

A

this GI structure found at L1-L3/L4

66
Q

which arteries supply the duodenum

A

coeliac trunk and SMA supply this GI structure via gastroduodenal artery

67
Q

outline artery supply to jejunum

A

SMA -> jejunal arteries -> arcades -> vasa recta

68
Q

what is the appendix full of?

A

this GI structure is full of lymphoid tissue

69
Q

what separates the transverse and the descending colon?

A

the splenic flexure separates these two GI sections

70
Q

from where does the SMA carry nerves?

A

this artery carries its nerves from T10-11

71
Q

epithelium in anal canal

A

epithelium in this GI structure is stratified squamous

72
Q

where does anal canal become skin, and supplied by somatic nerves?

A

these things change in the anal canal at the pectinate line

73
Q

ischioanal fossa

A

fat filled space lateral to anal canal

74
Q

where do the sup. and inf. rectal arteries/veins branch from respectively?

A

these arteries/veins branch from the IMA/V and int. iliac respectively

75
Q

divisions of the perineum and its divisor

A

divided into anterior urogenital triangle and posterior anal triangle at ischial tuberosities

76
Q

thin connective tissue layer that sends attentions into the liver

A

Glisson’s capsule

77
Q

liver cells

A

hepatocytes

78
Q

lobes of the liver (clockwise)

A

right, caudate, left, quadrate

79
Q

ligaments of the liver

A
  1. coronary
  2. left triangular
  3. falciform
  4. round
80
Q

what enters the porta hepatis?

A

the portal triad (portal vein, hepatic artery, bile passages) enters the liver here

81
Q

where is the bare area?

A

this liver feature is located on interior of R lobe

82
Q

liver function (4)

A
  1. make bile
  2. store glucose, glycogen, proteins, vitamins, fats
  3. detoxify metabolic waste
  4. make blood clotting factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin) and anticoagulant factors
83
Q

constituents of bile

A

bile pigments (chiefly bilirubin), bile salts, fats, water, electrolytes

84
Q

what are bile pigments derived from and what performs this process?

A

they are derived from breakdown products of haemoglobin by Kupffer cells

85
Q

what structures does the liver touch?

A

this organ touches the diaphragm, stomach, hepatic flexure, kidney, gallbladder

86
Q

areas of porto-systemic anastomoses

A
  • lower oesophagus
  • umbilicus
  • colon
  • anus
87
Q

sections of the gall bladder

A
  • fundus
  • body
  • neck
88
Q

describe the biliary system from top to duodenum

A

right/left hepatic duct, common hepatic duct, cystic duct, bile duct, pancreatic duct, ampulla of Vater, sphincter of Oddi, duodenal papilla

89
Q

sections of the pancreas

A
  • uncinate process
  • head
  • neck
  • body
  • tail
90
Q

where is the portal vein?

A

this structure is behind the pancreas at L1

91
Q

functions of skin (3)

A
  1. homeostasis (ex. temp regulation)
  2. sensation
  3. protection (ex. melanin)
92
Q

what structure anchors basal lamina to dermis?

A

Collagen VII anchors these together

93
Q

condition where collagen VII is mutated

A

Dystrophic epidermolysis bulls

94
Q

what is the main component of karatohyaline granules?

A

main component of these protein structures is filaggrin

95
Q

roles of filaggrin

A
  1. aid keratin filament aggregation

2. inhibits water loss

96
Q

keratinization disorder

A

ichthyosis vulgaris

97
Q

role of melanin

A

absorbs UV-B and prevents DNA damage to hypodermis

98
Q

how do Langerhans cells degrade viruses?

A

in this cell, Langerin degrades virus in endosomes called Birbeck granules

99
Q

layers of dermis

A
  1. papillary

2. reticular

100
Q

what layer of skin produces vitamin D?

A

hypodermis produces this vitamin

101
Q

structures of a hair follicle

A
  1. bulb
  2. shaft
  3. pilosebaceous unit (arrestor pili muscle, sebaceous gland)
102
Q

periodontal membrane

A

fibrous joint b/w teeth and skull

103
Q

pain receptors

A

nociceptors

104
Q

touch receptors and location

A

Meissner’s corpuscles and fine touch Merkel cells in s. basale

105
Q

pressure receptor and location

A

pacinian corpuscles in dermis

106
Q

vibration receptor and location

A

Meissner’s corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles in dermis

107
Q

oncosis

A

ischaemic cell death characterized by swelling

108
Q

steatosis

A

infiltration of liver cells w/ fat

109
Q

what characteristics of injury does response to injury depend on? (3)

A
  1. acute vs chronic
  2. mild vs severe
  3. cell type
110
Q

6 types of necrosis

A
  1. coagulative
  2. colliquative (brain)
  3. caseous (macrophages)
  4. gangrene
  5. fibrinoid (vessels)
  6. fat necrosis
111
Q

apoptosis vs necrosis

A
  • single cell death
  • ATP-dependent
  • cell membrane maintained
  • cell shrinkage and fragmentation
  • no inflammatory response
  • dead cells phagocytes by neighbouring cells
112
Q

labile cells

A

cells that easily regenerate

113
Q

stable cells

A

cells that somewhat regenerate

114
Q

permanent cells

A

cells that cannot regenerate

115
Q

characteristics of primary intention

A
  • little/no tissue lost
  • clean incision
  • minimal necrosis
  • mostly acute inflammation
  • collagen fills hole
116
Q

characteristics of secondary intention

A
  • granulation tissue
  • fibrin, necrotic tissue
  • myofibroblasts
117
Q

systemic and local factors influencing would healing

A
  • systemic: age, nutrition, hormones, metabolism, circulation etc.
  • local: infection, foreign bodies, size/location/type of wound
118
Q

manubrium

A

upper part of sternum

119
Q

where is the tracheal muscle?

A

this muscle found posterior to trachea

MD2001 (9 decks)

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