MD2001 Week 1-2 Flashcards
1
Q
pouch surrounding tendons allowing blood supply and movement in potential space
A
tendon sheaths
2
Q
sacs of synovium b/w ligaments/tendons and adjacent bone
A
bursa
3
Q
Hilton’s law
A
law that same nerves supply a joint, the muscles that act upon it, and the skin that overlies it
4
Q
list the level of organization of neural/muscle fibres
A
- epineurium/mysium
- perineurium/mysium
- endoneurium/mysium
5
Q
sympathetic trunks
A
(bilateral from C1 to the coccbyx) send sympathetic efferent nerves to entire body
6
Q
endemic
A
persistent level of disease occurrence
7
Q
2 definitions of an outbreak
A
- at least 2 ppl experience similar illness/infection and are linked by a common factor OR
- observed number of cases exceeds expected number for given place/time
8
Q
epidemiological triad
A
host->agent->environment
9
Q
chain of infection
A
host -> agent -> reservoir -> portal of exit -> mode of transmission -> portal of entry
10
Q
basic reproductive number
A
of new cases of disease occurring in a totally susceptible pop.
11
Q
effective/net reproductive number; its equation
A
of new cases of disease occurring in a pop w/ both susceptible and immune ppl; basic reproductive number x proportion of susceptible ppl
12
Q
notifiable diseases under Scottish Public Health Act
A
notifiable diseases under Scottish Public Health Act
13
Q
latent period
A
time b/w infection and becoming infectious
14
Q
incubation period
A
time b/w infection and becoming symptomatic
15
Q
infectious period
A
time it takes an infectious agent to transfer b/w ppl
16
Q
size of a eukaryotic cell
A
size of this cell is 0.01mm = 10micrometres = 10000nm
17
Q
3 structures of the cytoskeleton, what protein they’re made of, and their mechanisms
A
- microtubules (tubulin) - move organelles/vesicles
- microfilaments (actin) - move cells
- intermediate filaments (keratins, lamins, etc) - strength and support
18
Q
medullary cavity
A
central cavity of bone where marrow is found
19
Q
cancellous bone synonym
A
trabecular bone synonym
20
Q
where does hematopoiesis occur?
A
this process occurs in bone marrow
21
Q
what do fibroblasts do?
A
these cells make fibrous proteins such as collagen, elastin, and ECM components proteoglycans
22
Q
3 cells found in the periosteum
A
- fibroblasts
- mesenchymal cells
- osteoclasts
23
Q
what do mesenchymal cells do?
A
these cells can differentiate into osteoblasts and chondroblasts
24
Q
rickets
A
bone disease caused by vitamin D deficiency
25
osteocytes
these cells maintain bone matrix through cell-cell communication and influence bone remodelling. Mechanosensing.
26
osteoclasts
Multinucleated, derived from haematopoietic cells. In response to mechanical stresses and physiological demands they resorb bone matrix by demineralization.
27
how do osteoclasts break down bone?
these cells release H+ and hydrolytic enzymes to dissolve mineral, liberate calcium, and break down ECM
28
where are osteocytes found and how do they communicate?
they are embedded within lacunae and communicate via canaliculi
29
endosteum
membrane lining the medullary cavity
30
4 stages of bone remodelling
1. quiescence
2. resorption
3. reversal
4. formation
31
3 causes of bone mass/density decreasing
1. non-weight bearing
2. sex-hormone deficiency
3. endocrine/nutritional disorders
32
Wolff's law and example
law stating that bone adapts to load under which it is placed (ex. braces)
33
steps to a healing bone fracture
- callus formation: osteoblasts form woven bone (weak as collagen fibres are irregular)
- lamellar bone formation: collagen organized in regular sheets to give strength
- remodelling by osteoclasts to restore original bone shape
34
2 types of ossification
1. endochondrial (long bone)
| 2. intramembranous (flat bone)
35
primary and secondary centres of ossification
primary centre - diaphysis (active before birth)
| secondary centre - epiphysis (begins after birth)
36
zones at the epiphyseal plate
1. resting zone
2. growth zone
3. hypertrophic zone
4. calcification zone
5. ossification zone
37
pathology
study of disease
38
aetiology
cause of disease
39
pathogenesis
manner of development of a disease
40
5 types of imaging techniques
1. X-ray
2. Computed topography (CT)
3. Positron emission tomography (PET)
4. Ultrasound
5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
41
glial cells of the CNS
1. oligodendrocytes
2. astrocytes
3. microglia
4. ependyma
42
glial cells of the PNS
1. schwann cells
| 2. satellite cells
43
2 types of astrocytes
1. fibrous astrocyte
| 2. protoplasmic astrocyte
44
composition of muscle (2)
actin + myosin
45
types of connective tissues (4)
1. fibrocollagenous tissue
2. cartilage, bone, teeth
3. adipose tissue
4. blood
46
3 types of fibrocollagenous tissue and their characteristics
1. loose (around epithelia/organs) - type 1 collagen, cells ++
2. dense (tendon, ligaments) - type 1 collagen, cells +
3. reticular (liver, lymph nodes) - type III collagen
47
cells found in fibrocollagenous tissue (6)
1. fibroblasts
2. macrophages
3. mast cells
4. plasma cells
5. stem cells
6. blood cells and adipocytes
48
3 types of cartilage and examples
1. elastic (elastin): external ear
2. hyaline: joint surface, trachea
3. fibrocartilage (collagen I): intervertebral discs, knee joint menisci
49
what protein allows slippery surface on hyaline cartilage
proteoglycan-4 (lubricin) allow slippery surface on this type of cartilage
50
2 types of adipose tissue and their function
1. white fat - energy store, insulation, protection
| 2. brown fat - heat production
51
adipokines
produced by white fat and send signals to regulate nutritional balance
52
how does brown fat make heat?
it makes heat by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria
53
types of carbonyl groups carbohydrates can have
1. aldehyde (aldose)
| 2. ketone (ketose)
54
What is a 4-C aldose called?
aldotetrose
55
building blocks of carbohydrates
a carbonyl group + many hydroxyl (-OH) groups
56
what determines what isomer a carbohydrate is?
the hydroxyl group on the chiral carbon farthest from carbonyl group determines L or D
57
how is D-galactose digested?
it is converted into D-glucose to be digested
58
draw a cyclical alpha-D-glucose
draw a cyclical beta-D-glucose
59
D-glyceraldehyde
a 3-C sugar (simplest sugar)
60
reducing sugar
sugar that will reduce inorganic ions such as Cu++ (all monosaccharides)
61
how Fehling's reaction determine glucose levels
during D-glucose (open), reduces Cu2+ and oxidizes itself into D-gluconate. Then can measure absorbance and then find [glucose]
62
test using Fehling's reaction to determine glucose levels
glucose oxidase test
63
HbA1c
glycated haemoglobin
64
glucose + glucose
maltose
65
lactose constituents
beta-D-galactose + a/b-D-glucose. Contains a b-1,4-glycosidic bond
66
lactose intolerance
lack of lactase enzyme in small intestines
67
glycogen structure
glucose units linked by a-1,4 and a-1,6-glycosidic bonds
68
constituents of synovial fluid
hyaluronic acid + lubricant + some phagocytic cells
69
thixotropic (give an example)
the property of becoming less viscous due to an applied stress (ex. synovial fluid when exercising)
70
synovial sheaths
specialized bursar that surround tendons where they are subject to pressure
71
factors affecting joint stability (3)
1. shape of bone
2. strength and position of ligaments
3. tone of surrounding muscles
72
what type of cells make myocytes?
myosatellite cells give rise to myoblasts, which mature into these cells
73
myostatin
protein that inhibits myogenesis
74
weaknesses in consequentialism
- actions leading to bed consequence may seem wrong
| - some individuals may be treated unjustly
75
weaknesses in deontology
- consequences matter
- how do we decide on duties?
- how do you decide duty hierarchy?
76
weaknesses in virtue ethics
- how do you decide on virtues?
| - may be very culturally specific
77
list the 4 ethical principles
1. respect for autonomy
2. beneficence
3. non-maleficence
4. justice
78
4 criteria of the doctrine of double effect
1. action must be good, independent of consequence
2. even though bad effect is foreseen, agent must intend only the good effect
3. bad effect must not be a means to the good effect
4. good effect must outweigh, or compensate for, the bad effect
79
2 dyes to stain cells and their properties
1. haemotoxylin - basic stain binds to acidic (-charged) like nucleus
2. eosin - acidic stain binds to basic (+charged) like cytoplasm
80
what does Periodic Acid Schift reagent (PAS) stain?
it stains glycoproteins like mucus and the basement membrane
81
what does stratified cuboidal epithelium line?
this type of epithelium lines salivary and sweat glands
82
what makes up a junctional complex
tight junctions (zonula occludent) + zonula adherent + desmosomes
83
intra-abdominal adhesions
when mesothelium is damaged during surgery and cannot secrete plasminogen to remove fibrin deposits, causing fibrous adhesions b/w opposing surfaces
84
what does stratified columnar epithelium line?
this type of epithelium lines the male urethra
85
metaplasia
a change from one tissue to another after normal development is complete
86
examples of epithelial diseases
this type of tissue is involved in...
1. breast cancer
2. cystic fibrosis
3. cholera
4. atherosclerosis
87
what membrane protein is associated w/ gap junctions?
connexin is the membrane protein for this cell junction
88
what membrane proteins are associated w/ tight junctions?
claudin and occluding are the membrane proteins for this cell junction
89
what membrane proteins are associated w/ adherens and desmosomes?
cadherin is the membrane protein for these cell junctions
90
what membrane protein is associated w/ hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions
integrin is the membrane protein for these cell junctions
91
what cytoskeleton fibre do tight junctions and adherens connect?
these cell junctions connect actin
92
what two things do hemidesmosomes connect across its membrane protein?
this cell junction connects cytoskeleton fibre keratin to ECM protein laminin
93
what two things do focal adhesions connect across its membrane protein?
this cell junction connects cytoskeleton fibre alpha-actinin to ECM protein laminin
94
what type of epithelium line the uterine tube?
simple columnar ciliated epithelium line this structure (and respiratory system too)
95
what is unique about transitional epithelium
this epithelium is distensible
96
medial and lateral epicondyles
protuberances on elbow end of humorous
97
greater and lesser trochanters
protuberance on thigh end of femur
