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MD2001 > MD2001 Week 1-2 > Flashcards

MD2001 Week 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

pouch surrounding tendons allowing blood supply and movement in potential space

A

tendon sheaths

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2
Q

sacs of synovium b/w ligaments/tendons and adjacent bone

A

bursa

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3
Q

Hilton’s law

A

law that same nerves supply a joint, the muscles that act upon it, and the skin that overlies it

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4
Q

list the level of organization of neural/muscle fibres

A
  1. epineurium/mysium
  2. perineurium/mysium
  3. endoneurium/mysium
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5
Q

sympathetic trunks

A

(bilateral from C1 to the coccbyx) send sympathetic efferent nerves to entire body

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6
Q

endemic

A

persistent level of disease occurrence

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7
Q

2 definitions of an outbreak

A
  1. at least 2 ppl experience similar illness/infection and are linked by a common factor OR
  2. observed number of cases exceeds expected number for given place/time
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8
Q

epidemiological triad

A

host->agent->environment

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9
Q

chain of infection

A

host -> agent -> reservoir -> portal of exit -> mode of transmission -> portal of entry

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10
Q

basic reproductive number

A

of new cases of disease occurring in a totally susceptible pop.

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11
Q

effective/net reproductive number; its equation

A

of new cases of disease occurring in a pop w/ both susceptible and immune ppl; basic reproductive number x proportion of susceptible ppl

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12
Q

notifiable diseases under Scottish Public Health Act

A

notifiable diseases under Scottish Public Health Act

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13
Q

latent period

A

time b/w infection and becoming infectious

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14
Q

incubation period

A

time b/w infection and becoming symptomatic

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15
Q

infectious period

A

time it takes an infectious agent to transfer b/w ppl

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16
Q

size of a eukaryotic cell

A

size of this cell is 0.01mm = 10micrometres = 10000nm

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17
Q

3 structures of the cytoskeleton, what protein they’re made of, and their mechanisms

A
  1. microtubules (tubulin) - move organelles/vesicles
  2. microfilaments (actin) - move cells
  3. intermediate filaments (keratins, lamins, etc) - strength and support
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18
Q

medullary cavity

A

central cavity of bone where marrow is found

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19
Q

cancellous bone synonym

A

trabecular bone synonym

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20
Q

where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

this process occurs in bone marrow

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21
Q

what do fibroblasts do?

A

these cells make fibrous proteins such as collagen, elastin, and ECM components proteoglycans

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22
Q

3 cells found in the periosteum

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. mesenchymal cells
  3. osteoclasts
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23
Q

what do mesenchymal cells do?

A

these cells can differentiate into osteoblasts and chondroblasts

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24
Q

rickets

A

bone disease caused by vitamin D deficiency

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25
Q

osteocytes

A

these cells maintain bone matrix through cell-cell communication and influence bone remodelling. Mechanosensing.

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26
Q

osteoclasts

A

Multinucleated, derived from haematopoietic cells. In response to mechanical stresses and physiological demands they resorb bone matrix by demineralization.

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27
Q

how do osteoclasts break down bone?

A

these cells release H+ and hydrolytic enzymes to dissolve mineral, liberate calcium, and break down ECM

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28
Q

where are osteocytes found and how do they communicate?

A

they are embedded within lacunae and communicate via canaliculi

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29
Q

endosteum

A

membrane lining the medullary cavity

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30
Q

4 stages of bone remodelling

A
  1. quiescence
  2. resorption
  3. reversal
  4. formation
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31
Q

3 causes of bone mass/density decreasing

A
  1. non-weight bearing
  2. sex-hormone deficiency
  3. endocrine/nutritional disorders
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32
Q

Wolff’s law and example

A

law stating that bone adapts to load under which it is placed (ex. braces)

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33
Q

steps to a healing bone fracture

A
  • callus formation: osteoblasts form woven bone (weak as collagen fibres are irregular)
  • lamellar bone formation: collagen organized in regular sheets to give strength
  • remodelling by osteoclasts to restore original bone shape
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34
Q

2 types of ossification

A
  1. endochondrial (long bone)

2. intramembranous (flat bone)

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35
Q

primary and secondary centres of ossification

A

primary centre - diaphysis (active before birth)

secondary centre - epiphysis (begins after birth)

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36
Q

zones at the epiphyseal plate

A
  1. resting zone
  2. growth zone
  3. hypertrophic zone
  4. calcification zone
  5. ossification zone
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37
Q

pathology

A

study of disease

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38
Q

aetiology

A

cause of disease

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39
Q

pathogenesis

A

manner of development of a disease

40
Q

5 types of imaging techniques

A
  1. X-ray
  2. Computed topography (CT)
  3. Positron emission tomography (PET)
  4. Ultrasound
  5. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
41
Q

glial cells of the CNS

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. microglia
  4. ependyma
42
Q

glial cells of the PNS

A
  1. schwann cells

2. satellite cells

43
Q

2 types of astrocytes

A
  1. fibrous astrocyte

2. protoplasmic astrocyte

44
Q

composition of muscle (2)

A

actin + myosin

45
Q

types of connective tissues (4)

A
  1. fibrocollagenous tissue
  2. cartilage, bone, teeth
  3. adipose tissue
  4. blood
46
Q

3 types of fibrocollagenous tissue and their characteristics

A
  1. loose (around epithelia/organs) - type 1 collagen, cells ++
  2. dense (tendon, ligaments) - type 1 collagen, cells +
  3. reticular (liver, lymph nodes) - type III collagen
47
Q

cells found in fibrocollagenous tissue (6)

A
  1. fibroblasts
  2. macrophages
  3. mast cells
  4. plasma cells
  5. stem cells
  6. blood cells and adipocytes
48
Q

3 types of cartilage and examples

A
  1. elastic (elastin): external ear
  2. hyaline: joint surface, trachea
  3. fibrocartilage (collagen I): intervertebral discs, knee joint menisci
49
Q

what protein allows slippery surface on hyaline cartilage

A

proteoglycan-4 (lubricin) allow slippery surface on this type of cartilage

50
Q

2 types of adipose tissue and their function

A
  1. white fat - energy store, insulation, protection

2. brown fat - heat production

51
Q

adipokines

A

produced by white fat and send signals to regulate nutritional balance

52
Q

how does brown fat make heat?

A

it makes heat by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria

53
Q

types of carbonyl groups carbohydrates can have

A
  1. aldehyde (aldose)

2. ketone (ketose)

54
Q

What is a 4-C aldose called?

A

aldotetrose

55
Q

building blocks of carbohydrates

A

a carbonyl group + many hydroxyl (-OH) groups

56
Q

what determines what isomer a carbohydrate is?

A

the hydroxyl group on the chiral carbon farthest from carbonyl group determines L or D

57
Q

how is D-galactose digested?

A

it is converted into D-glucose to be digested

58
Q

draw a cyclical alpha-D-glucose

A

draw a cyclical beta-D-glucose

59
Q

D-glyceraldehyde

A

a 3-C sugar (simplest sugar)

60
Q

reducing sugar

A

sugar that will reduce inorganic ions such as Cu++ (all monosaccharides)

61
Q

how Fehling’s reaction determine glucose levels

A

during D-glucose (open), reduces Cu2+ and oxidizes itself into D-gluconate. Then can measure absorbance and then find [glucose]

62
Q

test using Fehling’s reaction to determine glucose levels

A

glucose oxidase test

63
Q

HbA1c

A

glycated haemoglobin

64
Q

glucose + glucose

A

maltose

65
Q

lactose constituents

A

beta-D-galactose + a/b-D-glucose. Contains a b-1,4-glycosidic bond

66
Q

lactose intolerance

A

lack of lactase enzyme in small intestines

67
Q

glycogen structure

A

glucose units linked by a-1,4 and a-1,6-glycosidic bonds

68
Q

constituents of synovial fluid

A

hyaluronic acid + lubricant + some phagocytic cells

69
Q

thixotropic (give an example)

A

the property of becoming less viscous due to an applied stress (ex. synovial fluid when exercising)

70
Q

synovial sheaths

A

specialized bursar that surround tendons where they are subject to pressure

71
Q

factors affecting joint stability (3)

A
  1. shape of bone
  2. strength and position of ligaments
  3. tone of surrounding muscles
72
Q

what type of cells make myocytes?

A

myosatellite cells give rise to myoblasts, which mature into these cells

73
Q

myostatin

A

protein that inhibits myogenesis

74
Q

weaknesses in consequentialism

A
  • actions leading to bed consequence may seem wrong

- some individuals may be treated unjustly

75
Q

weaknesses in deontology

A
  • consequences matter
  • how do we decide on duties?
  • how do you decide duty hierarchy?
76
Q

weaknesses in virtue ethics

A
  • how do you decide on virtues?

- may be very culturally specific

77
Q

list the 4 ethical principles

A
  1. respect for autonomy
  2. beneficence
  3. non-maleficence
  4. justice
78
Q

4 criteria of the doctrine of double effect

A
  1. action must be good, independent of consequence
  2. even though bad effect is foreseen, agent must intend only the good effect
  3. bad effect must not be a means to the good effect
  4. good effect must outweigh, or compensate for, the bad effect
79
Q

2 dyes to stain cells and their properties

A
  1. haemotoxylin - basic stain binds to acidic (-charged) like nucleus
  2. eosin - acidic stain binds to basic (+charged) like cytoplasm
80
Q

what does Periodic Acid Schift reagent (PAS) stain?

A

it stains glycoproteins like mucus and the basement membrane

81
Q

what does stratified cuboidal epithelium line?

A

this type of epithelium lines salivary and sweat glands

82
Q

what makes up a junctional complex

A

tight junctions (zonula occludent) + zonula adherent + desmosomes

83
Q

intra-abdominal adhesions

A

when mesothelium is damaged during surgery and cannot secrete plasminogen to remove fibrin deposits, causing fibrous adhesions b/w opposing surfaces

84
Q

what does stratified columnar epithelium line?

A

this type of epithelium lines the male urethra

85
Q

metaplasia

A

a change from one tissue to another after normal development is complete

86
Q

examples of epithelial diseases

A

this type of tissue is involved in…

  1. breast cancer
  2. cystic fibrosis
  3. cholera
  4. atherosclerosis
87
Q

what membrane protein is associated w/ gap junctions?

A

connexin is the membrane protein for this cell junction

88
Q

what membrane proteins are associated w/ tight junctions?

A

claudin and occluding are the membrane proteins for this cell junction

89
Q

what membrane proteins are associated w/ adherens and desmosomes?

A

cadherin is the membrane protein for these cell junctions

90
Q

what membrane protein is associated w/ hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions

A

integrin is the membrane protein for these cell junctions

91
Q

what cytoskeleton fibre do tight junctions and adherens connect?

A

these cell junctions connect actin

92
Q

what two things do hemidesmosomes connect across its membrane protein?

A

this cell junction connects cytoskeleton fibre keratin to ECM protein laminin

93
Q

what two things do focal adhesions connect across its membrane protein?

A

this cell junction connects cytoskeleton fibre alpha-actinin to ECM protein laminin

94
Q

what type of epithelium line the uterine tube?

A

simple columnar ciliated epithelium line this structure (and respiratory system too)

95
Q

what is unique about transitional epithelium

A

this epithelium is distensible

96
Q

medial and lateral epicondyles

A

protuberances on elbow end of humorous

97
Q

greater and lesser trochanters

A

protuberance on thigh end of femur

MD2001 (9 decks)

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