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MD2001 > MD2001 Week 10-11 > Flashcards

MD2001 Week 10-11 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of neutrons enter the dorsal horn?

A

sensory neurons and interneurons enter this horn

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2
Q

interneuron

A

a neurone confined throughout its length to the CNS

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3
Q

motor unit

A

a motoneurons and all the muscle fibres it innervates

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4
Q

nerve trunk

A

a bundle of axons

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5
Q

spike-initiating zone

A

region of a neurone from which action potentials normally arise (action potential threshold of this region normally lower)

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6
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

fluid-filled canals closely associated w/ the cochlea (forming inner ear). Detects head motion

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7
Q

difference between a ventricular (cardiac) and neuronal action potential

A

this type of action potential plateaus b/c of Ca+ entering cell. Lasts much longer than the latter.

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8
Q

4 criteria for valid consent

A
  1. patient must have capacity
  2. patient must give consent voluntarily
  3. patient must be informed
  4. consent must be continuing
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9
Q

4 indications of adult capacity

A
  1. understand info
  2. retain info
  3. use or weight the info
  4. communicate their decision
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10
Q

3 types of proxy-decision makers

A
  1. lasting power of attorney (LPA)
  2. advance directive
  3. best interests test
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11
Q

root value

A

spinal segments that contribute to a named nerve

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12
Q

what is the only layer of the dura mater found around spinal cord?

A

inner meningeal layer

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13
Q

what does the dura mater become around the spinal cord?

A

dural sac

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14
Q

where does the dural sac fuse with filum terminale?

A

it fuses with the filum terminal at S2

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15
Q

where does the lumbar cistern end at?

A

this subarachnoid space ends at S2

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16
Q

what attach pia to arachnoid in the dural sac?

A

denticulate ligaments

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17
Q

what do the longitudinal spinal arteries branch from?

A

these arteries branch from the subclavian arteries

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18
Q

what do the cervical radicular arteries branch from?

A

these radicular arteries branch from the vertebral arteries

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19
Q

what do the thoracic radicular arteries branch from?

A

these radicular arteries branch from the intercostal arteries

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20
Q

what do the lumbar radicular arteries branch from?

A

these radicular arteries branch from the lumbar arteries

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21
Q

what do the internal vertebral venous plexuses pass through?

A

these veins pass through the extradural fat

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22
Q

what veins drain the medullary cavities of vertebral bodies?

A

external vertebral venous plexuses drain these structures

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23
Q

define global health

A

worldwide improvement of health, reduction of disparities, and protection against global threats that disregard national borders

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24
Q

justifications for breaking confidentiality (3)

A
  1. with patient’s consent
  2. unable to seek consent but in patient’s bets interest
  3. in the public interest
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25
Q

4 criteria justifying breaking confidentiality in the public interest

A
  1. risk must be real and serious
  2. risk must be of physical harm
  3. identifiable individual
  4. disclosure must be on need-to-know basis
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26
Q

5 metaphors applied to global health

A
  1. as foreign policy
  2. as security
  3. as charity
  4. as investment
  5. public health
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27
Q

define globalization

A

incorporation of national economies/societies into a world system through movements of goods, services, capita, technology, labour

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28
Q

globalisation challenges (3)

A
  1. fuel and food prices rise
  2. already challenged places struggle to cope
  3. tribal/ethnic/religious tensions may increase
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29
Q

“global flow” - influences of globalization on health (5)

A
  1. increased pathogen flows
  2. increased people flows
  3. increased info flows
  4. increased trade flows
  5. increased financial flows
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30
Q

major segmental artery that anastamoses

A

great anterior segmental medullary artery

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31
Q

what do somites differentiate into?

A

they differentiate into epaxial and hypaxial muscle and dermis

32
Q

infection that lies dormant in a DRG, until it is reactivated and forms rash on its dermatome

A

shingles caused by varicella zoster virus infects this way

33
Q

explain pathway from an anterior afferent signal

A

anterior ramus -> dorsal root ganglion -> dorsal root -> dorsal rootlets -> dorsal horn

34
Q

types of nerves that travel through dorsal ramus

A
  1. sensory neurones from epaxial skin
  2. motor neurons to epaxial muscles
  3. sympathetic neurons to posterior blood vessels and sweat glands
35
Q

paraesthesiae

A

pins and needles

36
Q

recurrent acute pain

A

comes and go type of chronic pain

37
Q

intractable-benign

A

benign but persistent chronic pain

38
Q

progressive pain

A

continuing chronic pain that worsens over time; malignant

39
Q

what is the gate control of pain influenced by? (3)

A
  1. amount of activity in pain fibres: A delta (fast) and C (slow)
  2. amount of activity in peripheral fibres: A-beta
  3. message descending from brain can open or close gate
40
Q

examples of psychological pain management strategies

A
  • biofeedback
  • relaxation
  • distraction
  • cognitive methods ( changing perception of pain)
  • behavioural therapy
  • hypnosis
41
Q

5 criteria to define a neurotransmitter

A
  1. synthesis
  2. storage
  3. release
  4. interaction
  5. inactivation
42
Q

what type of receptor do biogenic amines bind to?

A

these type of NTs bind to metabotrophic receptors

43
Q

proper name for ecstasy

A

methylenedioxymethampethamine (MDMA)

44
Q

psychostimulants

A

group of drugs that release and inhibit reuptake of amines

45
Q

where is epinephrine released?

A

this NT is released in the locus coeruleus

46
Q

what does norepinephrine control?

A

this NT affects sleep, wakefulness, attention, and feeding behaviour

47
Q

what NT is involved in bi-polar disorder?

A

norepinephrine is involved to this disorder

48
Q

roles of dopamine

A
  1. control movement
  2. symptoms of psychiatric disease
  3. released by hypothalamus to control release of hormones in adenohypophysis
49
Q

signs of Parkinson’s disease

A
  • tremor
  • muscle rigidity
  • bradkinesia or akinesia
50
Q

where does 5-HT (serotonin) originate from?

A

this NT originates from the Raphe nuclei

51
Q

what disorders arise from a reduction of serotonin? (2)

A

a reduction of this NT can cause depression and OCD

52
Q

treatment for decreased serotonin

A

fluoxetine (Prozac) is a reuptake inhibitor of this NT

53
Q

co-agonists of 5-HT (3)

A
  1. LSD
  2. psilocybin
  3. mescaline
54
Q

what chemical prevents the breakdown of serotonin?

A

MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)

55
Q

peptide NTs (7)

A
  1. dynorphin
  2. encephalin
  3. endorphin
  4. substance P
  5. neuropeptide Y
  6. neurotensin
  7. Cholecystokinin
56
Q

what do peptide NTs affect?

A

these NTs affect pain transmission

57
Q

examples of opiates

A

morphine, diamorphine (heroin) codeine, pethidine, methadone

58
Q

nalaxone

A

an endorphin agonist given to heroin addicts

59
Q

what is the principle peripheral excitatory NT?

A

acetylcholine

60
Q

4 ways a channel can be opened

A
  1. voltage
  2. ligand
  3. stretch
  4. light
61
Q

example of a stretch-activated ion channel

A

mechanosensative channel

62
Q

example of a light-activated ion channel

A

channelrhodopsin

63
Q

calculation for probability of channel gating

A

Popen = topen/ttotal

64
Q

tetrodotoxin

A

Na+ channel inhibitor

65
Q

tetraethylammonium

A

K+ channel inhibitor

66
Q

RhR isoforms

A

RhR 2: cardiac isoform
RhR 1: skeletal isoform
RhR 3: neuronal isoform

67
Q

autosomal dominant condition related to RhR 2

A

catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)

68
Q

example of calcium-induced calcium coupling

A

cardiac muscle excitation-contraction coupling is an example of this type of coupling

69
Q

disorder related to RhR 1

A

malignant hyperthermia

70
Q

kyphosis

A

excessive concaving spine

71
Q

listhesis

A

displacement of a vertebra

72
Q

what factors affect the firing of an action potential? (3)

A
  1. inherent excitability of neurone
  2. amount of EPSPs
  3. amount of IPSPs
73
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint

74
Q

functions of chemical synapses (3)

A
  1. compute summation of EPSP and IPSP input to fire/inhibit action potential
  2. impulses transfer in one direction, which allows information transmission
  3. plasticity of transmitter
75
Q

2 examples of neuronal convergent neurons

A
  1. cortical pyramidal cell

2. cerebellar Purkinje cells

76
Q

2 examples of neuronal divergence

A
  1. knee jerk reflex

2. golgi tendon organ reflex

77
Q

where is dopamine secreted?

A

this NT is secreted in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

MD2001 (9 decks)

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