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MD2001 > MD2001 Week 10-11 > Flashcards

MD2001 Week 10-11 Flashcards

1
Q

what type of neutrons enter the dorsal horn?

A

sensory neurons and interneurons enter this horn

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2
Q

interneuron

A

a neurone confined throughout its length to the CNS

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3
Q

motor unit

A

a motoneurons and all the muscle fibres it innervates

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4
Q

nerve trunk

A

a bundle of axons

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5
Q

spike-initiating zone

A

region of a neurone from which action potentials normally arise (action potential threshold of this region normally lower)

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6
Q

vestibular apparatus

A

fluid-filled canals closely associated w/ the cochlea (forming inner ear). Detects head motion

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7
Q

difference between a ventricular (cardiac) and neuronal action potential

A

this type of action potential plateaus b/c of Ca+ entering cell. Lasts much longer than the latter.

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8
Q

4 criteria for valid consent

A
  1. patient must have capacity
  2. patient must give consent voluntarily
  3. patient must be informed
  4. consent must be continuing
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9
Q

4 indications of adult capacity

A
  1. understand info
  2. retain info
  3. use or weight the info
  4. communicate their decision
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10
Q

3 types of proxy-decision makers

A
  1. lasting power of attorney (LPA)
  2. advance directive
  3. best interests test
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11
Q

root value

A

spinal segments that contribute to a named nerve

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12
Q

what is the only layer of the dura mater found around spinal cord?

A

inner meningeal layer

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13
Q

what does the dura mater become around the spinal cord?

A

dural sac

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14
Q

where does the dural sac fuse with filum terminale?

A

it fuses with the filum terminal at S2

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15
Q

where does the lumbar cistern end at?

A

this subarachnoid space ends at S2

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16
Q

what attach pia to arachnoid in the dural sac?

A

denticulate ligaments

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17
Q

what do the longitudinal spinal arteries branch from?

A

these arteries branch from the subclavian arteries

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18
Q

what do the cervical radicular arteries branch from?

A

these radicular arteries branch from the vertebral arteries

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19
Q

what do the thoracic radicular arteries branch from?

A

these radicular arteries branch from the intercostal arteries

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20
Q

what do the lumbar radicular arteries branch from?

A

these radicular arteries branch from the lumbar arteries

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21
Q

what do the internal vertebral venous plexuses pass through?

A

these veins pass through the extradural fat

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22
Q

what veins drain the medullary cavities of vertebral bodies?

A

external vertebral venous plexuses drain these structures

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23
Q

define global health

A

worldwide improvement of health, reduction of disparities, and protection against global threats that disregard national borders

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24
Q

justifications for breaking confidentiality (3)

A
  1. with patient’s consent
  2. unable to seek consent but in patient’s bets interest
  3. in the public interest
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25
4 criteria justifying breaking confidentiality in the public interest
1. risk must be real and serious 2. risk must be of physical harm 3. identifiable individual 4. disclosure must be on need-to-know basis
26
5 metaphors applied to global health
1. as foreign policy 2. as security 3. as charity 4. as investment 5. public health
27
define globalization
incorporation of national economies/societies into a world system through movements of goods, services, capita, technology, labour
28
globalisation challenges (3)
1. fuel and food prices rise 2. already challenged places struggle to cope 3. tribal/ethnic/religious tensions may increase
29
"global flow" - influences of globalization on health (5)
1. increased pathogen flows 2. increased people flows 3. increased info flows 4. increased trade flows 5. increased financial flows
30
major segmental artery that anastamoses
great anterior segmental medullary artery
31
what do somites differentiate into?
they differentiate into epaxial and hypaxial muscle and dermis
32
infection that lies dormant in a DRG, until it is reactivated and forms rash on its dermatome
shingles caused by varicella zoster virus infects this way
33
explain pathway from an anterior afferent signal
anterior ramus -> dorsal root ganglion -> dorsal root -> dorsal rootlets -> dorsal horn
34
types of nerves that travel through dorsal ramus
1. sensory neurones from epaxial skin 2. motor neurons to epaxial muscles 3. sympathetic neurons to posterior blood vessels and sweat glands
35
paraesthesiae
pins and needles
36
recurrent acute pain
comes and go type of chronic pain
37
intractable-benign
benign but persistent chronic pain
38
progressive pain
continuing chronic pain that worsens over time; malignant
39
what is the gate control of pain influenced by? (3)
1. amount of activity in pain fibres: A delta (fast) and C (slow) 2. amount of activity in peripheral fibres: A-beta 3. message descending from brain can open or close gate
40
examples of psychological pain management strategies
- biofeedback - relaxation - distraction - cognitive methods ( changing perception of pain) - behavioural therapy - hypnosis
41
5 criteria to define a neurotransmitter
1. synthesis 2. storage 3. release 4. interaction 5. inactivation
42
what type of receptor do biogenic amines bind to?
these type of NTs bind to metabotrophic receptors
43
proper name for ecstasy
methylenedioxymethampethamine (MDMA)
44
psychostimulants
group of drugs that release and inhibit reuptake of amines
45
where is epinephrine released?
this NT is released in the locus coeruleus
46
what does norepinephrine control?
this NT affects sleep, wakefulness, attention, and feeding behaviour
47
what NT is involved in bi-polar disorder?
norepinephrine is involved to this disorder
48
roles of dopamine
1. control movement 2. symptoms of psychiatric disease 3. released by hypothalamus to control release of hormones in adenohypophysis
49
signs of Parkinson's disease
- tremor - muscle rigidity - bradkinesia or akinesia
50
where does 5-HT (serotonin) originate from?
this NT originates from the Raphe nuclei
51
what disorders arise from a reduction of serotonin? (2)
a reduction of this NT can cause depression and OCD
52
treatment for decreased serotonin
fluoxetine (Prozac) is a reuptake inhibitor of this NT
53
co-agonists of 5-HT (3)
1. LSD 2. psilocybin 3. mescaline
54
what chemical prevents the breakdown of serotonin?
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
55
peptide NTs (7)
1. dynorphin 2. encephalin 3. endorphin 4. substance P 5. neuropeptide Y 6. neurotensin 7. Cholecystokinin
56
what do peptide NTs affect?
these NTs affect pain transmission
57
examples of opiates
morphine, diamorphine (heroin) codeine, pethidine, methadone
58
nalaxone
an endorphin agonist given to heroin addicts
59
what is the principle peripheral excitatory NT?
acetylcholine
60
4 ways a channel can be opened
1. voltage 2. ligand 3. stretch 4. light
61
example of a stretch-activated ion channel
mechanosensative channel
62
example of a light-activated ion channel
channelrhodopsin
63
calculation for probability of channel gating
Popen = topen/ttotal
64
tetrodotoxin
Na+ channel inhibitor
65
tetraethylammonium
K+ channel inhibitor
66
RhR isoforms
RhR 2: cardiac isoform RhR 1: skeletal isoform RhR 3: neuronal isoform
67
autosomal dominant condition related to RhR 2
catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT)
68
example of calcium-induced calcium coupling
cardiac muscle excitation-contraction coupling is an example of this type of coupling
69
disorder related to RhR 1
malignant hyperthermia
70
kyphosis
excessive concaving spine
71
listhesis
displacement of a vertebra
72
what factors affect the firing of an action potential? (3)
1. inherent excitability of neurone 2. amount of EPSPs 3. amount of IPSPs
73
reciprocal inhibition
muscles on one side of a joint relaxing to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint
74
functions of chemical synapses (3)
1. compute summation of EPSP and IPSP input to fire/inhibit action potential 2. impulses transfer in one direction, which allows information transmission 3. plasticity of transmitter
75
2 examples of neuronal convergent neurons
1. cortical pyramidal cell | 2. cerebellar Purkinje cells
76
2 examples of neuronal divergence
1. knee jerk reflex | 2. golgi tendon organ reflex
77
where is dopamine secreted?
this NT is secreted in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

MD2001 (9 decks)

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