MC from dashboard quiz Ch 14 ?s

Question 1

1. Which structure is not part of the pathway by which olfactory signals first reach
   cortex?
   a. Olfactory epithelium
   b. Olfactory bulb
   c. Olfactory thalamus
   d. Olfactory nerve
   e. Olfactory tract

Answer 1

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Organization of the Olfactory System
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 2

2. In terms of scent detection and tracking capabilities in humans,
   a. the olfactory epithelium of humans is larger than that of most canines.
   b. percentage-wise, humans devote more of their cortex to olfaction than do rats.
   c. humans (like dogs) can follow scent trails by frequent sniffing with orthogonal
   digressions.
   d. humans can detect most chemical compounds at levels of less than one part per billion.
   e. human olfactory capabilities exceed those of almost all other mammals.

Answer 2

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Olfactory Perception in Humans
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 3

3. Which statement about human odorant perception is false?
   a. The compound ethyl mercaptan is added to natural gas because this odorant is
   universally detectable by healthy humans.
   b. While some anosmias may ensue from olfactory receptor gene deficits, this has been
   difficult to substantiate.
   c. Olfactory hallucinations can be an early indicator of schizophrenia.
   d. Our ability to identify odors declines substantially with age.
   e. A “scratch and sniff” test is used by clinicians to aid early diagnosis of
   neurodegenerative disorders.

Answer 3

Answer: a
Textbook Reference: Assessing Olfactory Function in the Laboratory or Clinic
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 4

4. Regarding a zinc nasal spray treatment to prevent the spread of the deadly polio virus,
   a. a 1937 trial of 5000 children in Toronto, Canada proved the efficacy of this nasal spray
   in limiting the spread of polio.
   b. the spray was rigorously tested for safety before its introduction into general use.
   c. while the zinc spray produced a short-lived, minor anosmia, there were no long-term
   adverse consequences of this treatment.
   d. the zinc spray was found in the 1940’s to be both ineffective and extremely harmful,
   but fortunately this mistaken use of zinc in a nasal therapy was never repeated.
   e. in the 1990s, some thought zinc could prevent the common cold and nasal sprays with
   zinc salts were created and sold but were not monitored by the FDA.

Answer 4

Answer: e
Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Only One Nose
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 5

5. Which is not an established odorant-mediated response or capability of humans?
   a. Pheromone-based sexual attraction mediated by the vomeronasal organ
   b. Increased gastric motility in response to appetizing odors
   c. Infant recognition of, and increased suckling in response to, their mother’s odor
   d. A mother’s ability to recognize her own baby based upon odor
   e. Gagging or vomiting in response to a particularly noxious odor

Answer 5

Answer: a
Textbook Reference: Physiological and Behavioral Responses to Olfactory Stimuli
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 6

6. Olfactory receptors are found at the highest concentration in
   a. the olfactory ensheathing cells.
   b. the olfactory cell cilia.
   c. the cribriform plate.
   d. Bowman’s gland cells.
   e. olfactory stem cells.

Answer 6

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Olfactory Epithelium and Olfactory Receptor Neurons
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 7

7. Olfactory receptors most closely resemble which protein in structure and mechanism
   of action?
   a. Tastant receptor for salt
   b. Voltage-gated ion channels
   c. Ion pumps
   d. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor
   e. Ionotropic neurotransmitter receptors

Answer 7

Answer: d
Textbook Reference: Odor Transduction and Odorant Receptor Proteins
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 8

8. Odorant receptor genes and/or proteins
   a. constitute a unique gene family with no structural similarities to other receptor
   families.
   b. vary greatly in structure between vertebrate and invertebrate animals (e.g., in terms of
   number of transmembrane regions and their ability to interact with G-proteins).
   c. possess introns only in humans, allowing for greater alternative splicing and increased
   diversity.
   d. constitute approximately 3–5% of the genome of mammals.
   e. are expressed in overlapping patterns in olfactory receptor neurons resulting in each
   neuron expressing between 7 and 10 different olfactory receptors.

Answer 8

Answer: d
Textbook Reference: Odor Transduction and Odorant Receptor Proteins
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 9

9. Which of the following statements about the olfactory capabilities of dogs is false?
   a. Dogs can detect human moles that are cancerous.
   b. Dogs can be trained to detect breast cancer by sniffing exhaled air.
   c. Dogs can be trained to detect lung cancer by sniffing exhaled air.
   d. Dogs can detect bladder or kidney cancer by sniffing urine.
   e. The reliability of dogs in detecting cancers has led to their widespread use in oncology
   clinics.

Answer 9

Answer: e
Textbook Reference: Box 15A: The “Dogtor” Is In
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 10

10. Listed below are the various components of the olfactory transduction process:
11. G olf G-protein
12. Voltage-gated sodium channel
13. Calcium-activated chloride channel
14. cAMP-gated ion channel
15. Adenylyl cyclase III
    Which of the following is the correct order in which these components are activated?
    a. 5; 1; 4; 3; 2
    b. 1; 5; 4; 3; 2
    c. 1; 5; 4; 2; 3
    d. 5; 4; 1; 3; 2
    e. 2; 1; 5; 4; 3

Answer 10

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms of Olfactory Odor
Transduction
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 11

11. A mouse model with anosmia has been generated using gene knockout techniques.
    Removing which gene would lead to anosmia?
    a. Gs subunit
    b. Adenyl cyclase III
    c. Diacylglycerol (DAG)
    d. TRP channel (specifically M 5 )
    e. H + -sensitive TRP channel

Answer 11

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Molecular and Physiological Mechanisms of Olfactory Odor
Transduction
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 12

12. The Drosophila olfactory lobe, the mushroom body, appears similar in structure and
    function to the mammalian olfactory
    a. epithelium.
    b. glomerulus.
    c. bulb.
    d. cortex.
    e. mitral cells.

Answer 12

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: The Olfactory Bulb
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 13

13. In humans, the olfaction-responsive brain area that responds to multimodal stimuli
    (such as the sight and smell of food) is located in
    a. pyriform cortex.
    b. orbitofrontal cortex.
    c. the hippocampus.
    d. the amygdala.
    e. the olfactory tubercle.

Answer 13

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Pyriform Cortical Processing of Information Relayed from the
Olfactory Bulb
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 14

14. Which statement about the pheromone-based sensory systems of mammals is false?
    a. Pheromones are usually detected in an organ that is distinct from the primary olfactory
    epithelium.
    b. Pheromone receptors project to a specialized (accessory) region of the olfactory bulb.
    c. The accessory olfactory bulb projects to the hypothalamus and amygdala.
    d. Vomeronasal receptors are highly expressed in all primates except humans.
    e. Pheromones mediate behaviors with conspecifics, whereas kairomones mediate
    behaviors with other animals.

Answer 14

Answer: d
Textbook Reference: The Vomeronasal System: Predators, Prey, and Mates
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 15

15. Stephanie has damage to her insular cortex. Which sense would have difficulty
    processing?
    a. Olfaction
    b. Vision
    c. Somatosensory
    d. Pain
    e. Taste

Answer 15

Answer: e
Textbook Reference: Organization of the Taste System
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 16

16. Samuel is having difficulty distinguishing bitter tastes. In which location might he
    have damage?
    a. Cranial nerve IX
    b. Cranial nerve I
    c. Cranial nerve VII
    d. Cranial nerve X
    e. Nucleus of the solitary tract

Answer 16

Answer: a
Textbook Reference: Taste Perception in Humans
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 17

17. Sour substances activate taste cells by
    a. first binding to other organic compounds found in saliva.
    b. binding to G-protein-coupled receptors.
    c. changing the potassium equilibrium potential of taste cells.
    d. the depolarizing effect of protons entering taste cells.
    e. All of the above

Answer 17

Answer: d
Textbook Reference: Taste Receptor Proteins and Transduction
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 18

18. The sweet transduction system involves
    a. heterodimeric G-protein-coupled receptors.
    b. activation of G-proteins.
    c. activation of phospholipase C.
    d. IP 3 activation of TRPM 5 channels.
    e. All of the above

Answer 18

Answer: e
Textbook Reference: Taste Receptor Proteins and Transduction
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 19

19. Which mechanism for the neural encoding of taste perception has the strongest
    experimental support?
    a. Lateral inhibition
    b. Second messenger discrimination
    c. Labeled lines
    d. Functional reactivation
    e. Sparse coding

Answer 19

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Neural Coding in the Taste System
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 20

20. According to one study, wild type mice cannot taste aspartame, a compound that
    humans find sweet (it does not activate mouse sweet receptors). A transgenic mouse line
    is created in which a bitter receptor, T2R19, has been knocked out. Additionally, the
    human sweet receptor gene has been engineered to be expressed selectively in mouse
    T2R19 cells. If the mice were then tested for lick rate preference when given different
    concentrations of aspartame in their water, which behavioral responses would you
    expect?
    a. The mice would prefer the aspartame solution over water and would increase lick rate as the concentration of aspartame increased.
    b. The mice would prefer water over the aspartame solution and would decrease lick rate as the concentration of aspartame increased.
    c. The mice would show a U function, preferring the aspartame solution over water at very low and very high concentrations but not at common (i.e. those used in food
    products) concentrations of aspartame.
    d. The mice would show an inverted U function, preferring water over the aspartame
    solution at very low and very high concentrations but not at common (i.e., those used in food products) concentrations of aspartame.
    e. The mouse would show no difference in preference for water or the aspartame solution
    at any concentration of aspartame.

Answer 20

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Neural Coding in the Taste System
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing