CH30 memory

Question 1

Which of the following is not an example of declarative memory?
a. Remembering what you had for dinner
b. Remembering how to ride a bike
c. Remembering that a wrench is a tool
d. Remembering your friend’s phone number
e. Remembering the scene of an accident

Answer 1

b. Remembering how to ride a bike

Question 2

Which is an example of phylogenetic memory?
a. A person remembering a list of seven numbers
b. A rodent learning a maze to win a reward
c. A person successfully completing more word fragments from previously studied words than new words
d. An infant monkey being frightened of snakes
e. A person remembering all the streets in London

Answer 2

d. An infant monkey being frightened of snakes

Question 3

Being able to repeat a list of 10 words just after first being presented with them is an example of which type of memory?
a. Immediate memory
b. Long-term memory
c. Short-term memory
d. Non-declarative memory
e. Phylogenetic memory

Answer 3

c. Short-term memory

Question 4

Which is not an aspect of long-term memory?
a. Long-term changes in synaptic connectivity
b. Consolidation of information
c. Storage of information for years or decades
d. The use of sensory-modality specific “memory registers”
e. The storage of items of particular significance

Answer 4

d. The use of sensory-modality specific “memory registers”

Question 5

A mouse is subjected to training while in a chamber with an electric grid on the floor that can deliver shocks to the mouse’s feet. Whenever a blue light appears in the chamber, the mouse is given a shock, which elicits a freezing response in the mouse. How would you expect the mouse to behave after the training session?
a. The animal will stop freezing in response to the shocks.
b. The animal will display freezing behavior constantly regardless of stimulus.
c. The animal will freeze in response to the blue light alone.
d. The animal will continue to freeze in response to the shock, but not to the blue light alone.
e. The animal will freeze in response to the blue light, and any new stimulus (yellow light, soft train whistle) presented, alone.

Answer 5

c. The animal will freeze in response to the blue light alone.

Question 6

A young child discovers that if he finds a specific black object and pushes a specific button, the television will come on. What type of learning is this?
a. Operant conditioning
b. Classical conditioning
c. Motivated memory learning
d. Priming
e. Anterograde learning

Answer 6

a. Operant conditioning

Question 7

Which evidence best supports the idea that long-term declarative memories are not stored in the hippocampus?
a. Rats cannot learn to find an underwater platform if the hippocampus has been lesioned prior to testing.
b. R.B. could not learn new declarative memories.
c. H.M. could recall memories from his childhood.
d. Electroconvulsive therapy can lead to retrograde amnesia.
e. H.M. could learn to play the piano.

Answer 7

c. H.M. could recall memories from his childhood.

Question 8

Which statement about the clinical case of H.M. is false?
a. It showed that bilateral medial temporal structures are important in the formation of declarative memories.
b. H.M.’s intellectual functions, as measured by intelligence tests, sharply declined after his surgery.
c. H.M.’s nondeclarative memory was intact.
d. H.M. was unable to remember clinicians who worked with him for many years.
e. H.M. had a profound loss of declarative memory functions.

Answer 8

b. H.M.’s intellectual functions, as measured by intelligence tests, sharply declined after his surgery.

Question 9

Where is the hippocampus located?
a. Posterior parietal lobe
b. Medial temporal lobe
c. Prefrontal cortex
d. Brainstem
e. Superior occipital lobe

Answer 9

b. Medial temporal lobe

Question 10

Which brain region is not thought to be involved in the acquisition or storage of declarative memory?
a. Hippocampus
b. Parahippocampal gyrus
c. Medial temporal lobe
d. Basal ganglia
e. Association cortex

Answer 10

d. Basal ganglia

Question 11

London taxi cab drivers must take a test of the city’s 25,000 streets prior to becoming licensed. When the brains of these drivers are compared with control individuals, what difference is found?
a. Drivers have a smaller anterior hippocampus than controls.
b. Drivers have a larger posterior hippocampus than controls.
c. Drivers have larger basal ganglia than controls.
d. Drivers have a smaller amygdala than controls.
e. Drivers have a smaller prefrontal cortex than controls.

Answer 11

b. Drivers have a larger posterior hippocampus than controls.

Question 12

Refer to the figure.
A patient is having difficulty with short-term memory after being in a car accident. Which brain region was most likely damaged?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E

Answer 12

c. C - hippocampus

Question 13

Where are long-term declarative memories stored?
a. Cerebral cortex
b. Hippocampus
c. Amygdala
d. Basal ganglia
e. Cerebellum

Answer 13

a. Cerebral cortex

Question 14

Which pathology leads to an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease?
a. A mutation in the presenilin 4 gene
b. Homozygosity for the e2 ApoE allele
c. Increase in blood cholesterol
d. Accumulation of the Aβ42 peptide
e. Sedentary lifestyle in young adulthood

Answer 14

d. Accumulation of the Aβ42 peptide

Question 15

Damage to which region would cause the loss of place cells?
a. Amygdala
b. Hippocampus
c. Basal ganglia
d. Cerebellum
e. Entorhinal cortex

Answer 15

b. Hippocampus

Question 16

Refer to the figure.
A lesion in the region shown above would lead to
a. a loss of place cells.
b. procedural memory deficits.
c. a loss of grid cells.
d. long-term memory deficits.
e. eye-blink conditioning deficits.

Answer 16

c. a loss of grid cells.

Question 17

Studying cognitive changes in which condition revealed a role for basal ganglia in memory?
a. Alzheimer’s disease
b. Superior autobiographical memory
c. Parkinson’s disease
d. Retrograde amnesia
e. Epilepsy

Answer 17

c. Parkinson’s disease

Question 18

Damage to which structure would affect a person’s ability to learn how to play the piano?
a. Basal ganglia
b. Occipital lobe
c. Amygdala
d. Hippocampus
e. Fornix

Answer 18

a. Basal ganglia

Question 19

Nondeclarative memory includes
a. recalling daily events.
b. learning of motor skills.
c. verbally sharing historical facts.
d. remembering words and their meaning.
e. conveying emotional aspects of an event.

Answer 19

b. learning of motor skills.

Question 20

Memory that is “passed down” through natural selection within a species (i.e., instinctual behavior) is called _______ memory.
a. phylogenetic
b. very long-term
c. natural selection
d. evolutionary
e. growth

Answer 20

a. phylogenetic

Question 21

Which of the following illustrates working memory?
a. Holding information in mind for less than a second
b. Holding and mentally manipulating information for seconds to minutes
c. Holding information for several days
d. Using engrams to retain information
e. Learning new motor skills

Answer 21

b. Holding and mentally manipulating information for seconds to minutes

Question 22

Which characteristic is not an aspect of long-term memory?
a. Long-term changes in synaptic connectivity
b. Consolidation of information
c. Storage of information for years or decades
d. The use of sensory modality-specific “memory registers”
e. The storage of items of particular significance

Answer 22

d. The use of sensory modality-specific “memory registers”

Question 23

The loss of memories that had been stored before an injury or the onset of an illness is called
a. anterograde amnesia.
b. retrograde amnesia.
c. semantic amnesia.
d. Korsakoff’s syndrome.
e. declarative amnesia.

Answer 23

b. retrograde amnesia.

Question 24

What did research on spatial learning in rats trained on a water maze task reveal?
a. Some strains of rats are able to swim directly to a submerged platform without training.
b. After training, rats remember the location of a submerged platform for just a few days.
c. Healthy rats are able to make associations between visual cues outside the water tank and the location of a submerged resting platform.
d. The principal effect of hippocampal lesions is that rats require many more trials to learn the location of a submerged platform.
e. Hippocampal lesions decrease the ability of a rat to swim, thereby increasing the amount of time it takes to find a hidden platform.

Answer 24

c. Healthy rats are able to make associations between visual cues outside the water tank and the location of a submerged resting platform.

Question 25

Two groups of rats are trained in a water maze task where they need to swim to a hidden platform. After 10 trials, rats in group A can successfully use environmental cues in the room to find the platform in less than 10 seconds. Rats in group B are unable to find the platform efficiently, discovering it randomly every time. In which brain region do rats in group B most likely have lesions?
a. Hippocampus
b. Basal ganglia
c. Corpus callosum
d. Prefrontal cortex
e. Posterior parietal cortex

Answer 25

a. Hippocampus

Question 26

Which evidence suggests that the cerebral cortex is the brain substrate for long-term storage of declarative memory?
a. Patients with Parkinson’s disease have trouble reproducing sequences of finger movements.
b. Patients with Huntington’s disease perform poorly on mirror tracing tasks.
c. Subjects in a functional neuroimaging study show the same pattern of cortical activation when recalling a particular stimulus as they did while studying that stimulus.
d. Imaging studies of animals carrying out sequencing tasks show activation of the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex.
e. Animals with cerebellar damage cannot learn to blink in response to a tone that reliably predicts a puff of air directed at the eye.

Answer 26

c. Subjects in a functional neuroimaging study show the same pattern of cortical activation when recalling a particular stimulus as they did while studying that stimulus.

Question 27

Alzheimer’s disease
a. is a type of dementia.
b. is marked initially by alterations in personality.
c. has no genetic basis in those who experience the early onset form.
d. can be diagnosed definitively with an MRI scan.
e. affects the cerebellum first.

Answer 27

a. is a type of dementia.

Question 28

Damage to which region would cause the loss of grid cells?
a. Amygdala
b. Entorhinal cortex
c. Basal ganglia
d. Cerebellum
e. Posterior parietal cortex

Answer 28

b. Entorhinal cortex

Question 29

Damage to the _______ interferes with complex motor learning.
a. hippocampus
b. substantia nigra
c. dorsal thalamus
d. ventral temporal cortex
e. mammillary bodies

Answer 29

b. substantia nigra

Question 30

The most widely used gas anesthetic Isoflurane primarily exerts its effects as an agonist for which receptor type?
a. D1-type dopamine receptor
b. mAChR
c. D2-type dopamine receptor
d. GABA-A receptor
e. AMPA-type glutamate receptor

Answer 30

d. GABA-A receptor

Question 31

Propofol is an injectable anesthetic that acts via GABA-A receptors to suppress neuronal activity in which brain areas?
a. Cerebellar Purkinje cells and Nucleus Basalis
b. Reticular activating system and cortical pyramidal neurons
c. Cortical interneurons and striatal MSNs
d. Paraventricular hypothalamus and the Raphe nucleus
e. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and corticospinal tract

Answer 31

b. Reticular activating system and cortical pyramidal neurons

Question 32

Ketamine is a short-acting dissociative anesthetic used in humans and animals commonly used for pain control and more recently as a treatment for depression. However, ketamine has several unwanted side-effects such as hallucinations, agitation and amnesia. What type of synapses are most effected by Ketamine?
a. D1-type dopamine
b. nACh
c. D2-type dopamine
d. GABA-B
e. NMDA-type glutamate

Answer 32

e. NMDA-type glutamate

Question 33

During surgery, an anesthesiologist monitors the patient’s level of anesthesia and can detect the loss of consciousness by monitoring what?
a. Blood pressure
b. Muscle tone
c. EEG waveforms
d. Rapid eye movements
e. Body temperature

Answer 33

c. EEG waveforms

Question 34

Which of the following are neuroanatomical hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease?
a. Loss of synapses in cortex
b. Senile plaques in hippocampus
c. Neurofibrillary tangles
d. Vascular degeneration
e. All of the above

Answer 34

e. All of the above

Question 35

Currently, the most widely accepted hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease is that neuronal injury and synaptic loss is caused by the accumulation of which protein in the brain?
a. APP
b. β-secretase
c. Tau
d. Aβ
e. C83

Answer 35

d. Aβ

Question 36

Alzheimer’s disease can be diagnosed with an MRI exam by which key symptom?
a. Cerebellar degeneration
b. Constricted ventricles
c. Cortical thickening
d. Constricted corpus callosum
e. Enlarged lateral ventricles

Answer 36

e. Enlarged lateral ventricles

Question 37

During the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease, which neuronal subtype appears to be impacted first?
a. Cholinergic neurons
b. Dopaminergic neurons
c. Glutamatergic neurons
d. GABAergic neurons
e. Serotonergic neurons

Answer 37

a. Cholinergic neurons

Question 38

While more than 90% of all birds display some form of monogamy, the behavior is less common in mammals, where it has been observed in only _______ of species.
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 20%
e. 25%

Answer 38

a. 5%

Question 39

Compared to montane voles, the monogamous prairie vole displays greater numbers of receptors for oxytocin in both the _______ and the _______.
a. Ventral pallidum; Paraventricular nucleus
b. Ventral pallidum; Nucleus accumbens
c. Nucleus accumbens; Lateral septum
d. mPFC; Paraventricular nucleus
e. Nucleus accumbens; mPFC

Answer 39

e. Nucleus accumbens; mPFC

Question 40

Compared to the prairie vole, the non-monogamous montane vole displays greater numbers of vasopressin receptors in the________.
a. Nucleus accumbens
b. Lateral septum
c. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
d. mPFC
e. Orbitofrontal cortex

Answer 40

b. Lateral septum

Question 41

Researchers were able to increase the amount of time spent “huddling” with a partner in voles by increasing gene expression for the V1aR in which brain region?
a. Ventral pallidum
b. Dorsal pallidum
c. Lateral hypothalamus
d. Nucleus accumbuns
e. Medial geniculate nucleus

Answer 41

a. Ventral pallidum

Question 42

Despite its apparent role in promoting monogamous social behaviors, injection of which transmitter into the anterior hypothalamus stimulated aggression in both rodents and humans.
a. Oxytocin
b. AVP
c. Dopamine
d. Orexin
e. Serotonin

Answer 42

b. AVP

Question 43

Which of the following species display the rare trait known as vocal learning?
a. Parrots
b. Hummingbirds
c. Dolphins
d. Humans
e. All of the above

Answer 43

e. All of the above

Question 44

In both humans and oscine songbirds, vocal learning involves two phases, beginning with the _______ phase which is subsequently followed by the ________phase.
a. Tutor; Teacher
b. Sensory; Motor
c. Sensorimotor; Crystallization
d. Sensory; Sensorimotor
e. Critical; Practical

Answer 44

d. Sensory; Sensorimotor

Question 45

A critical early stage of nonsensical vocal practice displayed by humans, songbirds, and even bats was termed________.
a. crystallization
b. taylorswifting
c. canonical babbling
d. critical period
e. categorical learning

Answer 45

c. canonical babbling

Question 46

The primary neuroanatomical distinction between the brains of vocal learning songbirds and non-vocal learners appears to be the addition of an anterior forebrain loop through what part of the bird’s brain?
a. RA nucleus
b. Area X
c. Cerebellum
d. mPFC
e. Field L

Answer 46

b. Area X

Question 47

While songbirds do not have a primary or premotor cortex, they have a brain area that is considered analogous to Broca’s area in humans. What is this area known as?
a. HVC
b. RA
c. NCM
d. DM
e. Area X

Answer 47

a. HVC

Question 48

If a baby songbird passes through its critical period without ever hearing a tutor song, it will_________.
a. Never sing
b. Produce song syllables out of order
c. Invent its own new song
d. Sing a crude song resembling its own species’ template.
e. Sing Taylor Swift’s “Love Story” over and over until a cat eats it

Answer 48

d. Sing a crude song resembling its own species’ template.

Question 49

In 1947, an unemployed Norwegian “anthropologist” named Thor Heyerdahl, with funding and equipment from the US army, launched an expedition to test his hypothesis that a race of blond Peruvians from the shores of Lake Titicaca travelled across the Pacific Ocean to colonize the Polynesian islands more than 1500 years before anybody else. What did Thor title his expedition, best-selling book and the subsequent blockbuster movie?
a. There and back again.
b. Gilligan’s Islands: Across the pacific by raft.
c. Kon-Tiki
d. Eras Tour
e. Margaritaville

Answer 49

c. Kon-Tiki