Ch 11 Central Visual Pathways testbank ?s

Question 1

1. Ganglion cell axons cross at the _______, thus the _______ contains information from
   both eyes.
   a. optic radiation; optic tract
   b. optic chiasm; optic nerve
   c. optic chiasm; optic tract
   d. optic tract; optic chiasm
   e. optic tract; optic nerve

Answer 1

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 2

2. What percentage of ganglion cell axons do not cross at the optic chiasm?
   a. 10%
   b. 25%
   c. 40%
   d. 50%
   e. 65%

Answer 2

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 3

3. A man is brought to the emergency room after a car crash. A doctor shines a light in
   his right eye and only the right pupil constricts. Which of the following regions is most
   likely damaged?
   a. Primary visual cortex
   b. Edinger-Westphal nucleus
   c. Lateral geniculate nucleus
   d. Internal capsule
   e. Striate cortex

Answer 3

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 4

4. Which region is not a target of retinal ganglion cell axons?
   a. Pretectum
   b. Superior colliculus
   c. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
   d. Striate Cortex
   e. Lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 4

Answer: d
Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 5

5. A common genetic mutation causes a decrease in the crossing of the nerves at the optic
   chiasm in cats. These cats are still able to function normally by crossing their eyes. Why
   do they have to make this behavioral change?
   a. To better see objects in motion
   b. To regain their central vision
   c. To regain binocular vision
   d. To increase visual acuity
   e. To regain their peripheral vision

Answer 5

Answer: e
Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 6

6. A researcher interested in studying how the brain adapts to complete loss of the right
   visual field should lesion which region to create an animal model of this anopsia?
   a. Left optic tract
   b. Left optic radiation
   c. Left optic nerve
   d. Right optic tract
   e. Right optic radiation

Answer 6

Answer: a
Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 7

7. What is the name for the optic radiations that run through the temporal lobe on the way
   to the striate cortex?
   a. Anopsias
   b. Meyer’s loop
   c. Pretectum
   d. Brodmann’s Area 17
   e. Superior colliculus

Answer 7

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 8

8. How are ganglion cells that project to the hypothalamus different than other ganglion
   cells?
   a. They do not cross at the optic chiasm.
   b. They rely on rods and cones for light sensitivity.
   c. They can modulate responses to light using their own photopigment.
   d. They form connections with bipolar cells in the retina.
   e. Their input is modified by interneurons.

Answer 8

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Functionally Distinct Types of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 9

9. An object located in the superior, temporal quadrant of the visual field would be
   mapped on which quadrant of the retina?
   a. Inferior, nasal
   b. Inferior, temporal
   c. Superior, nasal
   d. Superior, temporal
   e. Nasal, temporal

Answer 9

Answer: a
Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 10

10. The most anterior portions of the striate cortex correspond to which part of the visual
    field?
    a. Macular
    b. Binocular
    c. Superior
    d. Temporal
    e. Monocular

Answer 10

Answer: e
Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 11

11. Damage to the striate cortex below the calcarine sulcus would result in difficulty
    processing information from which visual field?
    a. Inferior
    b. Nasal
    c. Superior
    d. Temporal
    e. Monocular

Answer 11

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 12

12. How does the shape of the face affect binocular vision?
    a. It restricts the upper visual field.
    b. It reflects light into the eyes.
    c. It enhances peripheral vision.
    d. It restricts the lower visual field.
    e. It enhances the nasal visual field.

Answer 12

Answer: d
Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 13

13. Neurons in the visual cortex respond to which type of stimulus?
    a. Changes in luminance
    b. Bars or edges in a particular orientation
    c. Light-dark spots
    d. Complex and irregular shapes
    e. Light-dark curves

Answer 13

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual
Cortex
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 14

14. If a monkey is presented with an image of a train, neurons specific for which
    orientation would fire vigorously in V1?
    a. Left to right diagonal
    b. Right to left diagonal
    c. Vertical
    d. Horizontal
    e. Parallel

Answer 14

Answer: d
Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual
Cortex
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 15

16. Cortical neurons are not tuned to which property of a stimulus?
    a. Speed
    b. Bars or edges in a particular orientation
    c. Temporal frequency
    d. Direction of motion
    e. Coarseness of variations in contrast

Answer 15

Answer: a

Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual
Cortex
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 16

15. As a stimulus rotates, neurons in the visual cortex increase and decrease their firing.
    When a specific neuron reaches peak firing, the stimulus must be in which type of
    orientation for that neuron?
    a. Horizontal
    b. Preferred
    c. Vertical
    d. Particular
    e. Diagonal

Answer 16

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual
Cortex
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 17

17. Pyramidal neurons use _______ as a neurotransmitter and smooth dendritic neurons
    use _______ as a neurotransmitter in the visual cortex.
    a. GABA; dopamine
    b. glutamate; dopamine
    c. GABA; glutamate
    d. dopamine; GABA
    e. glutamate; GABA

Answer 17

Answer: e
Textbook Reference: Primary Visual Cortex Architecture
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 18

18. Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) terminate in which layers of the
    primary visual cortex?
    a. 2 and 3
    b. 4A and 6
    c. 4A and 4C
    d. 4C and 5
    e. 5 and 6

Answer 18

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Primary Visual Cortex Architecture
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 19

19. A scientist adds a retrograde marker to the neurons in the superior colliculus of a
    monkey. The marker labels cell bodies. In which layer of the visual cortex would the
    scientist expect to find the marker?
    a. 1
    b. 4A
    c. 4C
    d. 5
    e. 6

Answer 19

Answer: d
Textbook Reference: Primary Visual Cortex Architecture
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Question 20

20. Which layer of the striate cortex remains monocular?
    a. 1
    b. 2/3
    c. 4
    d. 5
    e. 6

Answer 20

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 21

21. Monocular axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) terminate in layer 4 to
    create which type of organization?
    a. Ocular dominance columns
    b. Monocular rows
    c. Monocular columns
    d. Ocular dominance rows
    e. Binocular columns

Answer 21

Answer: a
Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 22

22. A monkey born with a damaged retina does not receive input from his left eye. Which
    normal function of vision will the monkey be missing?
    a. Diplopia
    b. Stereopsis
    c. Strabismus
    d. Hemianopsia
    e. Color vision

Answer 22

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 23

23. Which statement about P ganglion cells as compared to M ganglion cells is true?
    a. They have larger receptive fields.
    b. They have larger diameter axons.
    c. They have more extensive dendritic fields.
    d. They have smaller cell bodies.
    e. They have faster conduction velocities.

Answer 23

Answer: d
Textbook Reference: Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 24

24. A scientist is able to selectively damage the neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus
    (LGN) that terminate in layer 4Cα of the visual cortex in a monkey. Which task will the
    monkey struggle with the most?
    a. Recognizing faces
    b. Determining when a red signal turns green
    c. Identifying a novel object
    d. Picking out a blue marble from a bowl of black and white marbles
    e. Tracking a fellow monkey running in a field

Answer 24

Answer: e
Textbook Reference: Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 25

25. The koniocellular pathway terminates in what layer of the V1?
    a. 1
    b. 2/3
    c. 4C
    d. 5
    e. 6

Answer 25

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 26

26. The visual area that is located most anteriorly in the human brain is area
    a. MT.
    b. VP.
    c. V2.
    d. V1.
    e. V3.

Answer 26

Answer: a
Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 27

27. After a car accident, a man reports that he has lost his color vision. It is determined
    that his retina is still functioning normally even though he now sees in shades of gray. He
    most likely has sustained damage to area
    a. MT.
    b. VP.
    c. V2.
    d. V1.
    e. V4.

Answer 27

Answer: e
Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 28

28. A man has trouble determining when to politely say “hello” to people walking past
    him on a sidewalk. He notices people in the distance, but they don’t seem to be getting
    closer. When he decides to say “hello,” he realizes the person has already passed him.
    What would be a plausible diagnosis for this man?
    a. Homonymous quadrantanopsia
    b. Cerebral akinetopsia
    c. Hemianopsia
    d. Cerebral achromatopsia
    e. Macular sparing

Answer 28

Answer: b
Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Question 29

29. A monkey with damage to the ventral stream will have the most trouble with which

task?
a. Determining when a blue signal turns white
b. Analyzing the speed of a moving target
c. Recognizing a familiar face
d. Determining distances between objects
e. Following the movement of a stimulus

Answer 29

Answer: c
Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas
Bloom’s Level: 4. Analyzing

Question 30

1. What percentage of the axons in the optic nerve cross at the optic chiasm?

Answer 30

Answer: In humans, approximately 60% of axons cross at the optic chiasm.
Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 31

2. The retina sends information to the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus for pattern vision.
   List three other targets of retinal ganglion cells, and indicate what each target is
   specialized for.

Answer 31

Answer: Retinal ganglion cells project to the pretectum for the pupillary light reflex, the
suprachiasmatic nucleus for the retinohypothalamic pathway, and the superior colliculus
for coordinating head and eye movements to visual targets.
Textbook Reference: Central Projections of Retinal Ganglion Cells
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 32

3. If the right visual cortex stops functioning, what part of the visual field will be lost?

Answer 32

Answer: The right visual cortex receives input from the left visual field, thus the left
visual field will be lost.
Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Visual Field Deficits
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 33

4. What part of the retina has the largest proportional representation?

Answer 33

Answer: The macula has the largest proportional representation in the occipital lobe. This
is known as cortical magnification.
Textbook Reference: Clinical Applications: Visual Field Deficits
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 34

5. Is the world mapped upside down on the retina? On V1?

Answer 34

Answer: The world is mapped upside-down and left-right reversed on the retina. The
world is also mapped upside-down on V1, with the upper visual field being mapped
below the calcarine sulcus and the lower visual field being mapped above it.
Textbook Reference: Retinotopic Representation of the Visual Field
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 35

6. Explain how Hubel and Wiesel mapped visual receptive fields. How do receptive field
   characteristics of neurons in V1 compare with those in the dorsolateral geniculate
   nucleus?

Answer 35

Answer: Hubel and Wiesel mapped visual receptive fields in anesthetized animals by
recording individual neurons in the lateral geniculate nucleus and the cortex during
retinal stimulation. Neurons in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus were selective for
luminance increases and decreases with center-surround receptive field organization like
the retina. The V1 cortex selectively responded to bars or edges with specific orientation.
Textbook Reference: Spatiotemporal Tuning Properties of Neurons in Primary Visual
Cortex
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 36

7. Are binocular neurons found in the lateral geniculate nucleus? Are they found in layer
   IV of the primary visual cortex? Where does input from both eyes first converge?

Answer 36

Answer: There are only monocular neurons found in the lateral geniculate nucleus and in
layer 4 of the primary visual cortex. Input from both eyes first coverages in the other
layers of the primary visual cortex.
Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes
Bloom’s Level: 2. Understanding

Question 37

8. What are ocular dominance columns?

Answer 37

Answer: Ocular dominance columns are axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus that
terminate in cortical layer 4 and are segregated by left eye and right eye signaling.
Textbook Reference: Combining Inputs from Two Eyes
Bloom’s Level: 1. Remembering

Question 38

9. Name or briefly describe two lines of evidence that suggest that the magnocellular and
   parvocellular streams are two parallel anatomical pathways with functionally distinct
   characteristics.

Answer 38

Answer: Evidence from cortical lesions and differences in electrophysiological response
properties suggest two parallel anatomical pathways that analyze different aspects of
visual stimuli.
Textbook Reference: Division of Labor within the Primary Visual Pathway
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying

Question 39

10. What are the functions of the extrastriate areas MT and V4? What symptoms would
    result from selective damage to each of these areas?

Answer 39

Answer: MT is selective to properties of motion, whereas V4 is selective to the color of a
visual stimulus. Damage to the MT would result in difficulty perceiving direction and
speed of movement, and damage to V4 would result in the loss of color vision.
Textbook Reference: Functional Organization of Extrastriate Visual Areas
Bloom’s Level: 3. Applying