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petros classes exam review > math > Flashcards

math Flashcards

1
Q

numerical

A
  • numerical is quantitative (can be in the form of any number)
  • numerical can be continous (have any range 10-20, 30-40)
  • numerical can be discrete ( has specfic values 2, 4, 8).
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2
Q

categorical

A
  • categorical is qualitiave
  • categorial can be seperated into several groups
  • ordinal & nominal
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3
Q

Ordinal data

A
  • ordinal data is data that can be ranked
  • disagree, agree, somewhat agree
  • not likely, likely
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4
Q

nominal data

A

nominal is data that can not be ranked
* blue eyes, green eyes, brown eyes
* summer, fall, winter, spring

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5
Q

the x axis of this graph is determine in mintues (0, 5, 10, 15, 20)

A

numerical continous
* because it can be anywhere between 5 and 10

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6
Q

this x axis is number of chairs
* 0,1,2,3,4

A

numerical discrete
* cuz there cant be a half of chair

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7
Q

this x axis is
* unsatifsfactory, good, excelent

A

categorical ordinal

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8
Q

this x axis is diffrent citites

A

categorical nominal

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9
Q

population

A

refers to all the indviduals who belong to the group being studied

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10
Q

sample

A

is a subset of the population. the sample is the group of indivudala that particapte in the survey

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11
Q

variabilites in samples

A

shows how samples are diffrent from each other. thr more similiar samples are to each other, the lower the variability and the more acuratley the samples represent the population

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12
Q

name all 7 sampling techniques

A
  1. simple random sample
  2. systematic sample
  3. stratified sample
  4. cluster sample
  5. multi-stage sample
  6. voluntrary response sample curvey
  7. convenicne sample
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13
Q

simple random sample

A
  • every memeber of the population has an equal chance of being selected and the selection of any particular individual does not affect the chances of any other indivdual being chosen
  • example- assign each member of the population with a unique number and randomly selected which members will be surveyed
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14
Q

systematic sample

A
  • go through the population sequentially and select members will be surveyed
  • example- every 10th person in the population is sampled
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15
Q

straitfied sample

A
  • when the ppopulation contains groups of memebers who share a common charchteristic such as age, this group is reffered to as a sratum. a straitfied sample has the same propartion of members from each stratum as the population does
  • example- there are 70 females teachers and 30 male teachers. a startaified sample of 10 teacher would have the same proporations, 7 females and 3 male teachers
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16
Q

cluster samples

A
  • when you randomly select groups/clusters of people to be surveyed and everyone in the group is survyed
  • example- you servey starbucks customers in toronto, randomly sleect a few starbucks in the area and survey every customer there
17
Q

multi-stage sample

A
  • it uses several levels of random sampling (it divides the population into hirearchy)
  • examples- a survey is to be conducted on all people living in ontario
  • the resarcher would randomly sleect the citites to be the survyed and then randomly select the houses within the chosen subdivision
18
Q

voluntary response survey

A
  • the researcher simply invites any member of the population to partcipate in this survey. within the method the sample typically will not represent the population
  • example- any surveys that are conducted over the radio
19
Q

convience sample

A
  • when a sample is selected simply because it is easily accesable
  • example- i wanted to conduct a survey on all the gr. 12 students, than you would survey the class.
20
Q

primary source data

A

data that has been collected directly by the reasearcher and has not been manipulated or summairzed

21
Q

observation studies

A

researches looks at situations that are already occuring and try to make infrences
* example- the comparison of two groups of people, one with memebers who excersice and another who dont, to see is one group is healthier

22
Q

expiremental studies

A

researchers control what is going on and make infreneces based on those controls
* example- two similair groups are randomly chosen and have mebers that perfom rigiorus workout once a day for 30 days whill other members contuine with their nromal lifestyle, researchers measue the fitness of both groups at the end of the month

23
Q

the 4 bias

A

response bias, samplign bias, non-response bias, measurement bias

24
Q

response bias

A

occurs when particpients in a survey dileberatly give false or misleading answers (to aviod embaressment)
* if i were to survey a class and ask “ how many of you cheated on last weeks test?” you may not answer this question truthfully, because you dint want me to know

25
Q

sampling bias

A

when the sampling does not closely represent the population
* survey students at a highschool football game and ask them whether the school should spend their extra-curciular- fund on new instruments for the band or new equipment for the football team

26
Q

non-response bias

A

when the opinions of those who respond to the survey are significantly diffrent than those who do not respond
* a mail in survey asked respondent about their drinking habits. only 3% of the survey were returned. such a small return rate would likely not yeild a represtitative sample. in fact those who respond often have very strong opinions about the subject matter and so the results are over or under control

27
Q

measurment bias

A

when the data-collection method isnt being implemented properly; the datda will either be over estimates or underestimated
* example- you wany to collect data on how fast cars are travelling on hwy 403 so you ask a police officer to drice on the 403 and record the speeding of each car using a radar

  • example- you conduct in a survey in your school asking students
    a) mrs blue
    b)mrs green
    c) other

this is an example of a leading question because you are giving the students some possible answers and this many influence their reposonse. it would not be a leading question if you were to list all possible answers (math teachers)

28
Q

primary source data

A

data that has been collected directly by the searcher and has not been manipulated or summarized

29
Q

microdata

A

an indivdual set of data about a single respondent

30
Q

secondary source data

A

data used by someone other than these who actually collected them

31
Q

aggregate data

A

data that combined or summarized in such a way that the individual microdata can no longer be determined

petros classes exam review (15 decks)

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