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petros classes exam review > philosophy ethics test > Flashcards

philosophy ethics test Flashcards

1
Q

define ethics

A

the study of morality

  • determines which things are morally good and what actions are morally right
  • principles of right and wrong behaviour
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2
Q

define morality

A
  • standards that an individual or group has about what is right or wrong good or evil
  • set of values and principles that guide someones choices
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3
Q

define moral

A

that which is goof the way we ought to behave

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4
Q

define immoral

A

that which is bad the way we ought to not behave

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5
Q

define amoral

A

those actions which are neither good or bad not but are morally neutral

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6
Q

what are the 4 basic moral principles

A
  1. do good avoid evil
  2. do unto others as you would have done onto you
  3. does the end justify the means
  4. follow what natures intendeds
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7
Q

do good and avoid evil

A
  • most basic principle
  • first articulated by Aristotle
  • agreed by most religions
  • all moral principles comes from this
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8
Q

do unto others as you would have done onto you

A
  • commonly referred to as golden rule
  • all religions share this belief
  • treat others how you want to be treated
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9
Q

Follow what nature intendeds

A
  • make decisions that respect the nature of things
  • follow what is natural for human beings and the rest creation
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10
Q

who is Lawerence kholberg? what his theory?

A

Lawerence kholberg (1927-1987)

  • he conclued there are 6 stages of moral reasonings
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11
Q

what are the three levels to kholbergs theory

A
  1. pre conventional (childhood) morality
  2. conventional (adolescent) morality
  3. post conventional (adult) morality
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12
Q

stage 1 of khohlbergs - punishment and obedience “reward, punishment”

A
  • based actions on consequences
  • avoidance of punishment or a gaining a rewards motivates

“I am not going to run a red light because I will get a ticket”

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13
Q

stage 2 of kholbergs theory - personal usefulness “me first”

A
  • what is right is only what satisfies one self
  • the needs of others only matter if they affect MY needs

“ill scratch your back if you scratch mine”

” I am not going to run the red light because I need to use the car”

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14
Q

stage 3 - conforming to the will of the group “peer pressure”

A
  • what is moral is what ever pleases and gets approval from the group
  • conforms to the standard or norm
  • right and wrong depends on what pleases or displeases others

” I am not going to run a red light because my friends expect me to stop and they want to feel safe in my car”

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15
Q

stages 4 - law and order “its your duty” stage

A
  • one sees obedience to make rules as necessary to maintain order
  • individuals do not think for themselves
  • right behaviour consist of doing ones duty and respecting authority
  • legally right = moral right

” I am not going to run a red light because its the law and I respected the law

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16
Q

stage 5 - social contract the “what society stands for”

A
  • right action is described in terms of general values that have been out upon the whole society (charters of rights and freedoms)
  • societies standards of behaviour
  • laws are justified based on general principles but one may work to change the law for society
17
Q

stage 6 - personal conscience “its the principle of the thing”

A
  • decisions are based upon universal justice equality respect and dignity
  • choices are grounded in genuine moral interests willing to risk punishment for what is right
  • willing to accept disproval of others

“sometimes I may chose to run a red light for greater purpose I will admit to breaking the law and accept my punishment”

18
Q

what are the consequetlist (teleological) theories

A
  • egoism
  • hedonism
  • utilitarianism
19
Q

what are the non consequentialism theories (deontological)

A
  • divine command theory
  • natural law ethics
  • categorical imperative
20
Q

what’s another word for consequenlist and where does it come from?

A

teleological
- comes from greek word “telos” for end

21
Q

what’s another word non consequentialist and where does it come from

A

deontological
- comes from greek word “deon” for duty

22
Q

Egoism

A
  • believe that when deciding morality we should consider the good and bad consequences for ourselves
  • believes that we act morally when it promotes our long term interest

short term suffering - long terms pleasure

23
Q

problems w egoism

A
  • conflicting interests
  • is moral point of view realistic? no one can be impartial
  • underestimates moral point of view
24
Q

hedonism

A
  • only pleasure is only worthy having its own sake
  • short term benefits - long terms suffering
25
Q

utilitarianism

A
  • promotes the greatest good for the greatest amount of people*

created by Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) expanded by John Stuart mill

  • reconizes basic human motivation to seek pleasure & avoid pain
26
Q

two sections of utliltarism

A

act

  • the end justifies the mean
  • claims that the right action is the one that produce the most pleasure for majority

rule utilitarian
- moral rules should be created for the majority

  • should implement and follow the rules that produce Thebes long term consequences

problem - we can’t always predict in advance the results each principles will produce in the long term

27
Q

Natural law ethics - St Thomas aquinas

A
  • aquinas was an Italian philosopher (ethics and metaphysics)
  • argues that human nature is created from natural tendencies - what is morally right
  • natural law is hard wired into humans
  • the laws that governs it are the laws that God imposed on it and are found within it
28
Q

what are our natural inclinations as humans

A
  • live / survive
  • love / family
  • freedom
  • knowledge and education
  • order / peace
  • justice
  • community
  • safety
29
Q

divine command theory

A
  • morality is objective and universal (golden rule)
  • we have a duty
  • the ultimate goal is to do the right thing because it is the right thing, not because we seek reward or punishment
  • the standard against which all moral decisions are measure

Moral argument
If God does not exist, objective moral values and duties do not exist

Objective moral values and duties do exist, therefore God exists

30
Q

Kant Catergorical imperative

A
  • created immune Kant (1724-1804)
  • German philosopher and englightment thinker

” two things fill the mind with ever are increasing wonder and awe.. the starry heavens above and the moral law within”

  • kant believend morality is rooted in reason
  • ethical law can be discovered autonomously by the individual
  • duty to follow two maxims
31
Q

kants POV on morality

A

Kants categorical imperative two maxims

  1. the principles of universilizabiltiy
  2. the principle of humanity

every individual has a duty

  • everything is divided int two maxims
32
Q

Kants first maxims - the principles of universibility

A
  • believing that what you are doing is right for everyone
  • if your allowed to do it should everyone else be
33
Q

kants second maxim - the principle of humanity

A
  • never treat someone as a end to a mean
  • treat everyone with divinity and respect not for your own benefit
34
Q

what is virtue ethics

A
  • focuses not on rules of conduct but on the development of character traits
35
Q

Aristotle & virus ethics

poo

A
  • created by artistorle
  • had four thesis
  1. humans are happy if they perform their humans “functions”
  2. the function of humans is to act in accordance to reason
  3. reasons control our emotions allowing us to act virtuously
  4. training produced the habit of acting virtuously and this produces virtuous character
  • every humans end purpose in life is to achieve happiness
36
Q

recall –> destiny achieved

A
  • Aristotle argues that we act well when we seek the midpoint between excess and deficient
  • acquiring virtues helps us use our reason well in our lives
  • to achieve the mean in our feelings and actions we must avoid both excess and deficency
37
Q

ethical absolutism

A

there is no excess the thing is wrong completely

  • what is moral duty for me must also be for you
38
Q

ethical relativism

A

there is no morality that all societies follow each person should follow the morality of his or her society

39
Q

cultural relativism

A

one culture may think something is right and another may not

petros classes exam review (15 decks)

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