philosophy unit 1

Question 1

what is philosophy

Answer 1

the unexamined life is not worth living

Question 2

what is the goal of philosophy

Answer 2

autonomy

Question 3

what was Platos nickname

Answer 3

broad shoulders

Question 4

who was plato

Answer 4

• a student of socrates (the father of philosophy)
• he founded the academy

Question 5

what was the myth of the cave

Answer 5

a group of people are in a cave stuck staring at the shadows that are on the wall, the shadows are created by the puppeteers, so the people never question it, one day a man escapes and goes to the surface and is blinded by the light ( the light represents the truth)

Question 6

what is the symbolism behind the myth of the cave

Answer 6

the man is blinded when he goes to the surface because of the light however this is symbolism for him finding out the truth, he has been blinded by the truth and can no longer return back to the cave because once you know the truth it is hard to go back

Question 7

important tips of myth of the cave

Answer 7

• we only see ourselves through a lens of beauty standards
• are senses come from what we are told
• we learn the painful truth as we grow up

Question 8

who was socrates

Answer 8

socrates was the father of philosophy

Question 9

what was socrates style of teaching

Answer 9

socrates would walk through the market place Athens posing argumentative conversations or teaching while plato followed along writing his teachings

Question 10

steps for socrates dialogues

Answer 10

1. socrates would pose a problem (what is justice?)
2. socrates would find minor flaws in the persons argument unravel it
3. his dialogues would leave both of them to seek the truth as a compromise is never reached

• socrates never argued back he just posed questions to make the other person speechless

Question 11

socrates facts

Answer 11

• known as the “ugly” one
• he had the nickname “gadfly” because he would annoy the people of Athens with his questions
• he questioned whether anyone knew anything and he claimed that he knew nothing at all
• an oracle claimed that socrates was the set of all men

Question 12

socrates on trial

Answer 12

• socrates was accused of corrupting the youth of Athens and being a threat to the state
• the jury wanted him to escape even telling his friends to help him
• the jury just wanted him to stop teaching but wanted him to stay alive, however socrates refused to be quiet
• instead of apologizing socrates lectured the jury of 500 on their ignorance and recommend they build a statue in his honour and gave him free food.

Question 13

socratic dialogue 1- euthyphro

Answer 13

• The conversation happens when Socrates is at the court of the king being charged with impiety.
• The topic of the argument is “what is holiness?”
• Euthyhro says that holiness is something that is loved by the gods. While Socrates asks Do the gods love what is holy because it is holy, or is it holy because they love it? He also says how can something be holy or unholy when surely the gods must disagree on what each of them love and do not love.
• Also questions the gifts that are given to the gods and how they benefit them when they would have created everything.

Question 14

socratic dialogue 2- thrasymachus

Answer 14

• Socrates and Thrasymachus argue about what is justice.
• Thrasymachus is a cynical philosopher. His view is that might makes right. Justice is obeying the rules of society, and these rules, he claims, always favor the interests of whatever group happens to hold power in that society.
• Socrates pulls apart this argument because he said that sometimes rulers will unintentionally pass laws that don’t benefit them, but followers will still have to obey them even if they’re not advantageous to the ruler.

Question 15

socratic dialogue 3 - crito

Answer 15

• He reasons that where morality is concerned, he should disregard the “opinions of the many”; that is, moral right and wrong do not depend on what most in our society believe. Instead, moral right and wrong depend on reasoning correctly about whether one is infl icting evil on others. Socrates says that if he escaped, he would infl ict evil on his government because he has an obligation to obey its laws. He has this obligation because his government, like a parent, deserves obedience,

Question 16

who were the pre socratics

Answer 16

• a group of early greek philosophers before socrates
• they were the first to see humans as rational creatures
• they moved from mythos to logos (myth to logic)
• none of there answers were correct, they did ask the right questions

Question 17

THALES - WATER

Answer 17

• he thought everything was composed of water
• he believed that w change there must be something that changes yet doesn’t change
• there must be a unity - oneness

” the first principle and basic nature of all things is water”

Question 18

ANAXIMANDER - BOUNDLESS

Answer 18

-he challenged Thales and states water and fire cancel out

• he came to the conclusion that it can’t be one of the four elements
• it must be boundless
• it is unobservable, unspecific and unlimited
• his answer was logical because elements cancel out
• he believed the answer was unobservable
• he believed in infinite regression
• if everything starts at a finite point in what time comes before that
• solution - the unpauses cause

“ex nihlio nihil- nothing comes from nothing

Question 19

ANAXIMENES - AIR

Answer 19

• he believed that anaxmianders “boundless” was not reasonable

believed

• must be a basic element
• air is the element everything comes from
• world is composed of air in more or less condensed forms
• quality is determined by the quantity or less air in a give space

Question 20

PYTHAGORAS - numbers

Answer 20

“the totality of reality can be expressed in terms of mathematical law”
believed

• the plants and stars move according to math questions and they make music as they move throughout space
• math can predict all things because each object in the universe has it own musical

Question 20

HERACLITUS - CHANGE

Answer 20

• the basic element is fire however fire is used as a metaphor
• the universe is in constant state of change
• matter is not created or destroyed is how can you truly know it?
• there is an underlying order to change
• the guiding force behind order os logic
• there is logic to change
• called the dark one
• nothing will be the same because everything is always changing

“you can not step into the same river twice”

Question 21

PARMENIDES -NO CHANGE

Answer 21

• rebutilled to Heraclitus said that nothing changes
  believed
• nothing ever changes motion is an illusion
• we only think things our changing because of our perspective
• the true nature of reality is order and permeant
  nothing cannot exists because there is no nothing
  “ you can’t step once into the river”

Question 22

ZENO- INFINITE DIVISIBLY OF NUMBERS

Answer 22

he defended his teacher Parmenides instead of rebuttling like everyone else

• proves the impossibility of motion using “reductio ad absurdum”
• argued that motion was impossible
  if you could move arriving anywhere would be impossible
• before you can get to the door you must go halfway etc.

Question 23

explain boot stop paradox

Answer 23

a time traveller brings Shakespeare a copy of hamlet Shakespeare then talks that book copy it and then publish it as his own the cycle continues so… how really wrote hamlet?

Question 24

EMPODOLCES - FOUR ROOTS

Answer 24

• the first of the pluralist - believed in more than one thing
• all things are made of four roots

-present in all things but in different compositions

• he argues against Parmenides - all change is real
• motion and change are real produced by two forces - a positive force (love) and a negative force (strife)
• first recorded the theory of evolution

Question 25

ANAXAGORAS - INFINTE SEEDS

Answer 25

• four roots can be reduced into infinite seeds (like elements in chemistry)
• replaced emplodeocles notion of love and strife with the idea of “nous= mind”
• he separated organic and non organic into living and nonliving
• all things in the natural world contains nous
• nous equals everything that is living

Question 26

LEUCIPPUS & DEMOCRITUS → ATOMS

Answer 26

• atoms from atoms

characteristics of an atom

-indestructible infinite variety of shapes sized and weight to make up all objects in the universe

• hard substance are made of rough prickly atoms that stick together
• liquids have round smooth atoms that slide over one another

“nothing exists except atoms and space and else is opinion.

Question 27

consider the ignorance vs enlightenment in the movie

Question 28

perception vs reality in the movie

Question 29

boot strap paradox in the movie

Question 30

Abraham Maslow

Answer 30

• a physchologist studied what motivates humans
• humans strive for self actualization and autonomy
• self actualization by step by step
• all humans being at the bottom and must fully achieve the level before the next

-most fault to move past 1 and 2

Question 31

step 1 -

Answer 31

basic human needs

• food water sleep

Question 32

step 2

Answer 32

safety needs
- shelter clothing security protection stability

Question 33

step 3

Answer 33

love and belonging
- longing for friends
family and community.

• motivated to seek love and partnership

Question 34

step 4

Answer 34

esteem needs
- once we have love and belonging our self esteem increases

• high esteem means we are less influenced by others.

Question 35

step 5

Answer 35

self actualization - autonomy

Question 36

what are the first two steeps called

Answer 36

maintenance needs